Walt Whitman s Song Of Myself - 1191 Words

Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† Walt Whitman was an American poet born in May 31, 1819 in New York, and he died in March 26, 1892 in New Jersey. He grew up going to school in separate facilities from people of color, so he was growing up along with the nation. He was self-taught by exploring things for himself, for example, going to the museums when he could. Whitman as a young boy alternated from being in the city to being in the countryside with his grandparents. He was exposed to be being self-reliant at a young age. His writings were influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson, which lead him to having a collection of unnamed poems, and one of them was â€Å"Song of Myself†. In Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"Song of Myself†, Whitman managed to express†¦show more content†¦During this movement, the history of the nation was changing. There was slavery and many different cultures from different individuals in the nation. By looking at Walt Whitmanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s â€Å"Song of Myself† poem, the reader can better understand why he came to have his point of views while discovering who he was during this era based off the changing culture in the nation, the religious views towards nature, and the social views on equality among people. In the 1820’s, the nation’s culture was changing because of the Transcendentalism movement influence. In the poem, Whitman begins with â€Å"I celebrate myself, and sing myself† (Whitman, 1330). During this time, the movement was influencing the culture which is shown by Whitman’s first sentence in his poem. The Transcendentalism movement â€Å"took a concern for self-culture, a sense of moral seriousness . . . a tendency toward individualism, a belief in the importance of literature, and an interest in moral reform† (Grodzins). Self-culture is the idea of being self-aware of what ideas to live by which is reflected in Whitman’s poem. Around this time, ther e was a sense of nationalism because of the immigration that was occurring and the expansion of the nation. This idea of self-culture lead to a different views on religion. There were different religions then, since one of the main points of the new nation was to have freedom of religion. This movement allowed for the culture to be more about

Comparison Between Aristotle And Socrates - 1174 Words

Akrasia can be defined as the portrayal of weakness of will through one acting out against their better judgement. Two philosophers, Aristotle and Socrates, both have strong view on akrasia and what it involves. Aristotle believes that the akratic person does wrong even though he/she knows what is right, but that he/she is driven by passions, emotions and motivations. Socrates believes that if a person knows what they are doing is wrong, he/she will not engage in it, as they are aware of the outcome and no one desires negative outcomes. Socrates believes that people s wrong doings are a result of ignorance and that they lack the knowledge to know right from wrong. I agree with aristotle, in that some people may know what is right, but whether it is internal motivation or outside factors influencing them to act out, they do wrong anyways. The part of Aristotle s argument that I don t agree with, however, is that a person committing wrong doings is solely driven by passions and that th ere is no inductive thought or reasoning that goes on before the act is committed. I believe that people may commit acts of wrong doing, knowing it is wrong, and having thought it through are still driven by passions and emotions. Socrates argument explains that in order for some one to do wrong, it means that they do not know the act they are committing is wrong. In his opinion, all acts of wrongdoing are a result of lack of knowledge. He strives for education to achieve a common goalShow MoreRelatedThe Individual and the Community963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Individual and the Community This paper will give insight into the different views of three different philosophers with a never-ending struggle to keep a balance between the community and the Individual. By explaining their views he/she will find different definitions from the philosophers on how to live as an individual under a ruler and how a good citizen should be characterized. For example in Antigone a good citizen would not have gone against the law and buried their sibling in one of theRead MoreThe Role Of Happiness . â€Å"Happiness Is The Meaning And The1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Happiness â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence† (Aristotle). In ethics, we study the place of morality in a social construct, where happiness is the core of ethical concern. Happiness for the individual, happiness for the majority, happiness for nature. What is the key to a happy life? Aristotle believes the key is eudaimonia, or a state of having a good soul or being in a contented state of being healthy, happy, and prosperousRead MorePlato s Theory Of Form1111 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophical theory for the purpose of improving said theory. Aristotle took advantage of the practice of Socratic questioning to inquire about Plato’s theory of Form and its explanation of causality in comparison to Aristotle’s own theories of causality and being. Aristotle criticizes Plato’s theory of Form because it only accounted for a one-dimensional explanation of what things are made up of and what identifies them. Ari stotle offers his own explanations of causality and being through his fourRead MorePros And Cons Of Ethical Egoism1299 Words   |  6 Pagesinjections of sterile water rather than morphine, so he could sell the morphine†(Rachels, 81). These are just two examples illustrating how chaotic and cruel the world would be if Ethical Egoism were to be adopted. 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Treatment-Naive Adolescents With Clinical Depression

Question: Case study Julie is 45 and has recently been diagnosed with clinical depression (unipolar). Prior to her diagnosis she worked she worked as a PA to a government minister. However, she no longer feels that she can work effectively and has been signed off from work. She rarely leaves the house, eats very little and suffers from insomnia. She doesn't socialise or have any contact with her family. She has recently been experiencing recurring thoughts of suicide. she has returned to her doctor as she feels that her condition is worsening. Task 2 You now need to COMPARE and CONTRAST how different psychological perspectives would explain the CAUSE, EFFECT and TREATMENT of Julie's clinical depression. Use the compare/contrast table provide to plan your work. You need to compare and contrast 2 perspectives from the following: the biological, psychodynamic, behavioural or cognitive perspectives of abnormal behaviour. NB: Focus on the cause and effect, symptoms, treatment. compare and contrast the different explanation of cause, effect, and treatment of abnormal behaviour that result from different perspectives.Please relate to the case study and no assumption. Task 3 You now need to select one BIOLOGICAL and one PSYCHOLOGICAL treatment for Julia. For each treatment you need to EXPLAIN the PRACTICAL IMPLICATION(i.e cost,success rate etc) and ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS (is the treatment humane, stressful? etc?) of administering the treatment. You must fully engage with the case study and use examples to illustrate your explanations. NB: Explain the practical and ethical implications of different forms of biological and psychological treatment. Answer: Cause of clinical unipolar depression Biological Infrastructure Julia is 45 years old and facing the challenge of clinical unipolar depression. Some changes in the brain dynamics can cause clinical depression in individuals after a certain age. Julie might be experiencing the aftereffects of such changes. Chemistry of the brain Neurotransmitters are the brain chemicals that have been related to several cases of depression (Zuidersma et al. 2013). Change in the functionality of the neurotransmitters may have caused the depressive changes in Julia. The interaction between such transmitters and neurocircuits are supposed to maintain mood stability. In case of Julia, work pressure and mid-life issues may have hampered the interaction and caused the resulting depression. Hormones Julia seems to be in her post or premenopausal period, which indicates, changed in the hormone level. This, in turn, may have caused the depression. Inherited Trait The case study does not provide Julia's family history, but it can be deduced that if Julia's family members had experienced bouts of depression in the past, she might have inherited the same genes that caused depression in her relatives (Aghajani et al. 2014). If the biological infrastructure is responsible for Julias condition then the doctor can recognize the change in brain dynamics and offer her a prescription of drugs suitable for reversing her condition as much as is possible. The chemical changes in the brain can also be altered to some extent with the use of neural medications and antidepressants. If the depressive changes are caused by hormonal imbalances then hormonal therapies can treat them. Inherited traits cannot be treated but the symptoms can be managed well with therapy and medications. Effects of Unipolar Clinical Depression Julia is a 45-year-old female recently diagnosed with clinical unipolar depression. Although she was actively involved in an office environment serving as a PA to a government minister, due to the depression she no longer feels that she can cope with the work. The workload seems unbearable; she is no longer enthusiastic about the work. Due to her attitude towards the work she has been signed off from work. The depression has weighed her down and so much so that she no longer considers frequent outings, she has lost her appetite and sleep over the period. She no longer socializes, and Julia has now developed suicidal tendencies. Insomnia and loss of appetite are common symptoms of depression. Suicidal tendencies are caused when the patient loses interest in living or sees no future ahead (Pedersen et al. 2012). Treatment for Unipolar Clinical Depression Several treatment approaches can be taken to treat clinical unipolar depression. Psychoanalytic approach Sigmund Freud founded the Psychoanalytic approach (Muoz et al. 2012). This approach lays a heightened emphasis on the workings of the unconscious and its resultant effect on behavioral aspects. An example of such an aspect is anger turned inward which results in self-harming tendencies. The approach regards the personality as the deciding factor. Ego is burdened with superimposition of guilt and pride on ego. Here we can see the effects on Julia as she has developed suicidal tendencies, which is bordering on self-harm. This therapeutic technique can help Julia identify her own feelings and act with clarity. Trait Approach Julias own traits might have pushed her over the edge and helped in the development of depression. Trait approach involves the working of relatively stable characteristics of an individual (Tournigand et al. 2015). The trait approach considers a group of people instead of considering an individual. There are five personality factors defining the trait approach. There is agreeability, neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion and openness. These traits will decide whether Julias depression is caused by constant worry, insecurity and self-pity. Biological Approach The biological approach considers the genetic susceptibility to depression. The approach also considers the serotonin monoamine neurotransmitter theory (Asgari et al.2014). According to this theory, depletion of serotonin from the receptor sites causes depression. This is the kind of depression that can be treated with administration of continued doses of medication over an extended period. Julia has chosen to go back to the doctor because her condition has worsened over time. If the doctor detects depletion of serotonin, then he or she can prescribe medications to supplement the depletion. Humanistic Approach While every other theory discusses medications and therapeutic treatment options, this approach actually takes the human nature and conditioning into account (Videbech and Ravnkilde 2015). This approach can be used to change the way Julia views herself as an individual. It can increase self-worth and improve self-concept. Behavior improvement and social learning approach Proper conditioning and observation can achieve changing personal and social behavior (Brown and Harris 2012). The environmental stimulus can strengthen the likelihood of specific response. The way Julia observes the world around her and the way she perceives what are happening around her can decide how she acts. Her depression can be managed by changing the environmental stimulus. Compare and contrast between Psychological and Biological approaches The psychological approaches are utilized to fight unipolar depression depends on three models namely, Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive. The psychodynamic model is widely utilized despite of the fact that it does not hold any strong research evidence. The behavioral model is primarily utilized for mild to moderate depression but it is practiced less in the past years. It seems to provide limited help. The cognitive model has performed immensely well due to the fact that involves large behavioral techniques that are designed to assist the patients suffering from unipolar disorder to alter their negative cognitive processes. On the other hand Biological approaches results in bringing relief to the individuals with unipolar disorder. Usually biological treatment involves antidepressant drugs, but for rigorously depressed individuals who do not respond to the other forms of treatment, it involves brain stimulation or electroconvulsive therapy. The antidepressant drugs such as Monoami ne oxidase inhibitors are used to this treat depression. Another drug which reduces depression is Trycyclics for this disease. Biological Treatment for Unipolar Clinical Depression The first line of treatment for clinical unipolar depression is antidepressant, which the doctor can prescribe to Julia if the pattern of depression in her case is periodic (Fava et al. 2014). Psycho and sociotherapeutic approaches can also be used to treat depression in patients like Julia, who has had prior records of medication or therapeutic experience. There are several factors to take into account when treating a patient like Julia with antidepressants. Julia here is returning to her doctor as her condition is worsening. Therefore, it can be deduced that she has had her depression treated earlier. The choice of medication depends upon whether her prior experience with medication and therapy has had positive outcome or not. If need be, every associated effect of depression has to be treated separately so that Julia can lead a better, healthier life. The treatment plan should take into account the usage of non-psychiatric drugs. If Julia has had a history of using non-psychiatric drugs, then the doctor should consider their effects and side effects before prescribing her some drugs to manage the depression. Patient preference, budget constraints availability of the drugs should also be taken into account (Lin et al. 2013). The unipolar depression in the patient could be easily treated with a single line of drug. The changes in drugs are minimal in cases of unipolar depressive disorders. The cost of drugs is also minimized because the nature of the disorder does not demand to be treated with a variety of medications. Instead, a single prescription of drugs is enough to treat Julia. The success rate of such drugs has been noted to be extremely high. While several side effects have been associated with the drugs, with minimal usage comes the benefits of fewer side effects. Ethically speaking these drugs are reported to have several side effects. First, they are addictive (Wang et al. 2014). So while administering such a drug careful consideration should be taken into account. The patient history should be considered along with the threshold of the patient. Here Julia's medical history is not mentioned, but the doctor should consider it before prescribing any drug. Not only that, there are several physical side effects of antidepressants and when combined with some other medications the implication of the effect can become huge. Ethical implications regarding biological treatment concerns about research of unipolar disorder have been raised, for the majority of part, since concerns regarding the capacity of decision-making of probable participants of research. Unipolar disorder is a disorder of troubled thinking and so it was reasoned that if thinking is disturbed, then capacity to approval is possible to be compromised. Hence, as a result, people with unipolar disorder have long been considered a susceptible population in the setting of research. Psychological Therapy for Unipolar Clinical Depression The commonest and the most successful kind of psychological therapy is talk therapy (Sowislo and Orth 2013.). The case study depicts that Julia has currently chosen a life of social isolation. She has stopped going out, going to work or interacting with people. She no longer interacts with family members and has had several episodes of hiked suicidal tendencies. She is on self-harming mode and does not feel the need to connect with people around her anymore. She has chosen to go back to the doctor out of desperation, and talk therapy is the best option for her. Are talk therapies cheap? Not necessarily but if we consider Julia's case, then we should take note of the fact that her condition is worsening. She is getting worse by the second and needs proper assistance, which is unavailable to her. It seems that she is incapable of processing her own feeling for which the resonance approach is the best. If she talks with a professional, she will better understand herself. Talk therapies have been proven effective in several psychological cases. Moreover, ethically speaking talk therapy is a better tool than addictive antidepressants. It will also help discount Julias loneliness. References Aghajani, M., Veer, I.M., van Lang, N.D.J., Meens, P.H.F., Van Den Bulk, B.G., Rombouts, S.A.R.B., Vermeiren, R.R.J.M. and Van Der Wee, N.J., 2014. Altered white-matter architecture in treatment-naive adolescents with clinical depression.Psychological medicine,44(11), pp.2287-2298. Asgari, M., Shafran, I. and Sheeber, L.B., 2014, September. Inferring clinical depression from speech and spoken utterances. InMachine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP), 2014 IEEE International Workshop on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Brown, G.W. and Harris, T. eds., 2012.Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. Routledge. Fava, G.A., Ruini, C., Rafanelli, C., Finos, L., Conti, S. and Grandi, S., 2014. Six-year outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for prevention of recurrent depression.American Journal of Psychiatry. Lin, N., Dean, A. and Ensel, W.M. eds., 2013.Social support, life events, and depression. Academic Press. Muoz, R.F., Beardslee, W.R. and Leykin, Y., 2012. Major depression can be prevented.American Psychologist,67(4), p.285. Pedersen, I., Ihlebk, C. and Kirkevold, M., 2012. Important elements in farm animal-assisted interventions for persons with clinical depression: a qualitative interview study.Disability and rehabilitation,34(18), pp.1526-1534. Sowislo, J.F. and Orth, U., 2013. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Psychological bulletin,139(1), p.213. Tournigand, C., Canoui-Poitrine, F., Reinald, N., Laurent, M., Guery, E., Caillet, P., David, J.P., Lagrange, J.L., Bastuji-Garin, S., Lemogne, C. and Paillaud, E., 2015, May. Association between geriatric assessment findings and clinical depression in 1092 older patients with cancer: The ELCAPA Cohort study. InASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings(Vol. 33, No. 15_suppl, p. 1574). Videbech, P. and Ravnkilde, B., 2015. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies.American Journal of Psychiatry. Wang, P.S., Beck, A.L., Berglund, P., McKenas, D.K., Pronk, N.P., Simon, G.E. and Kessler, R.C., 2014. Effects of major depression on moment-in-time work performance.American Journal of Psychiatry. Zuidersma, M., Conradi, H.J., van Melle, J.P., Ormel, J. and de Jonge, P., 2013. Self-reported depressive symptoms, diagnosed clinical depression and cardiac morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction.International journal of cardiology,167(6), pp.2775-2780.

Mars Essays (2035 words) - Shield Volcanoes, Mars, Pavonis Mons

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and orbits the sun at a distance of about 141 million mi. Mars is named for the Roman god of war because it appears fiery red in the earth's night sky. Mars is a small planet that has about half the diameter of Earth and about one-tenth Earth's mass. The force of gravity on the surface of Mars is about one-third of that on Earth. Mars has twice the diameter and twice the surface gravity of Earth's moon. The surface area of Mars is almost exactly the same as the surface area of the dry land on Earth. The Martian day, or the time it takes Mars to rotate once on its axis, is about a half an hour longer than an Earth day. Its year, or the time it takes to revolve once around the sun, is about two Earth years long. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos. THE INTERIOR OF MARS Scientists believe that Mars's interior consists of a crust, mantle, and core like Earth's interior, but they do not know the relative sizes of these components. Because no spacecraft has ever brought instruments that can study Mars's interior to the planet, the only real data that scientists have about the planet's structure are its mass, size, and the structure of the gravity field. Compared to Earth, Mars probably has a relatively thick crust. Beneath the surface is an area of volcanic activity in the northern hemisphere, it may be as thick as 80 mi. Beneath the landing site of the United States spacecraft Viking 2, it may be as thin as 9 mi. The core is probably consists of mostly iron, with a small amount of nickel. Other light elements, mainly sulfur, could exist in the core also. If so, the core may be quite large. Mars does not have a significant magnetic field, so scientists believe that Mars's core is probably solid. Mars does not, and probably did not ever, have active plate tectonics. Because Mars is so much smaller than Earth, it must cooled quickly after formation and the crust thickened, forming one solid piece and eliminating any possibility of plate tectonics as it was on and still is on Earth. Though the Martian crust is not broken into separate plates, Mars's liquid mantle has sculpted the planet's surface. The molten rock has broken through the crust to form volcanoes and its motion has cracked the crust to form large rifts. THE SURFACE OF MARS The surface of Mars would be a harsh place for humans, but it is more like the surface of Earth than any other planet. The temperature on Mars does not get much cooler than the temperature at Antarctica. At the surface it ranges from about -140? C to 15? C (about -225? F to 60? F). During most of the year wind speeds are normally low around 4.5 mph, but during dust storms they can approach 40 to 50 mph. These winds often originate in large basins in the southern hemisphere and carry large volumes of dust from the basins to other regions, sometimes covering the entire planet in the storm. The dust is not sandy, as in a sandstorm on the earth, but has the consistency of flour. The northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have different characteristics. The southern hemisphere has many impact craters and has a generally much higher elevation than the northern hemisphere. The southern highlands are probably the oldest ground on Mars. The northern hemisphere of Mars contains a much wider variety of geologic features, including large volcanoes, a great rift valley, and a variety of channels. The northern hemisphere also contains large expanses of relatively featureless plains. Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons. It is 16 mi high (almost twice as high as the earth's Mount Everest) and covers an area comparable to the state of Arizona. Near it, three other volcanoes almost as large-Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons-form a line running from southwest to northeast. These four volcanoes are the most noticeable features of a large bulge in the surface of Mars, called Tharsis. Another volcano, Alba Patera, is also part of the Tharsis bulge, but is quite different in appearance. It is probably less than 4 mi high, but has a diameter of 1000 mi. None of Mars's volcanoes appear to be active. The Tharsis bulge has had a large effect on the appearance of the surface of Mars. The Tharsis bulge

Does the Public Sector ombudsman Serve a Useful Function essays

Does the Public Sector ombudsman Serve a Useful Function essays Does the Public Sector Ombudsman serve a useful function. The Ombudsmans mission statement sums up what the office tries to achieve Helping to achieve a public service which is open, fair and accountable. The job of the Ombudsman is to investigate complaints from members of the public who feel they have been unfairly treated by certain public bodies or on his own initiative. He believes as I do, that public bodies are becoming more conscious of citizens, and as consumers of their services we have the right to be heard, to receive sufficient information, to assistance and representation, and to be given reasons and the right to be told what solutions are available to us. I believe that the office of the Ombudsman offers a very valuable service to society, with the red tape and procedures that need to be followed in some institutions and department to lodge a complaint it can be taxing in itself, let alone trying to resolve issues to closure. The office of the Ombudsman has the power to investigate all Government Departments such as, the health board, Local authorities and An Post. In its 18 years of existence the office has dealt with over 50,000 complaints. The Ombudsman is entirely independent and impartial. Impartiality requires independence and independence in turn requires statutory backing, In addition to being independent and impartial, the office must above all be effective. There are four aspects to this. First, public awareness of and access to the Ombudsman. Secondly the powers of investigation, thirdly power to propose adequate remedies and, fourth, effectiveness in securing compliance with findings or recommendations. As a tax paying resident in Ireland I believe that as users of the public services we should be able to put forward any issues or arguments before decisions adverse to them are taken, we need to be aware of remedies or avenues open to us to appeal. There is no charge for dealing...

Understanding and Using Stipulative Definitions

Understanding and Using Stipulative Definitions A stipulative is a  definition that assigns meaning to a word, sometimes without regard for common usage. The term stipulative definition is often used in a pejorative sense to refer to a definition that appears to be deliberately misleading. Stipulative definitions are also known as Humpty-Dumpty words or legislative definitions. Examples and Observations Michael Ghiselin A lexical definition, such as one that occurs in a dictionary (a lexicon), is a kind of report on how language is used. A stipulative definition proposes (stipulates) that language shall be used in a given way.–Metaphysics and the Origin of Species. SUNY Press, 1997 Trudy Govier Words in a language are public instruments for communication in that language, and a stipulative definition is useful only if it sets out predictable and comprehensible standards of use that are workable for the purpose at hand. If a stipulated definition becomes popular, the word defined in its new sense then becomes part of public language, and it is open to changes and variations in use just as other words are.–A Practical Study of Argument, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2010 Patrick J. Hurley Stipulative definitions are misused in verbal disputes when one person covertly uses a word in a peculiar way and then proceeds to assume that everyone else uses that word in the same way. Under these circumstances that person is said to be using the word stipulatively. In such cases the assumption that the other person use the word in the same way is rarely justified.–A Concise Introduction to Logic, 11th ed. Wadsworth, 2012 Jon Stratton Stipulative definitions that slant or bias meanings are called persuasive definitions. They are meant to persuade and to manipulate people, not to clarify meaning and encourage communication. Persuasive definitions are sometimes encountered in advertising, political campaigns, and in discussions about moral and political values. For example the definition, A caring mother is one who uses Softness brand disposable diapers, is persuasive because it unfairly stipulates the secondary designation Softness user. The term caring mother is much more significant than that!–Critical Thinking for College Students. Rowman Littlefield, 1999 Use in Literature â€Å"There’s glory for you!† â€Å"I don’t know what you mean by ‘glory,’ Alice said. Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. â€Å"Of course you don’t–till I tell you. I meant ‘there’s a nice knock-down argument for you!’† â€Å"But ‘glory’ doesn’t mean ‘a nice knock-down argument,’† Alice objected. â€Å"When I use a word,† Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, â€Å"it means just what I choose it to mean–neither more nor less.† â€Å"The question is,† said Alice, â€Å"whether you can make words mean so many different things.† â€Å"The question is,† said Humpty Dumpty, â€Å"which is to be master–that’s all.† Alice was too much puzzled to say anything; so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. â€Å"They’ve a temper, some of them–particularly verbs, they’re the proudest–adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs–however, I can manage the whole lot of them! Impenetrability! That’s what I say!† â€Å"Would you tell me, please,† said Alice, â€Å"what that means?† â€Å"Now you talk like a reasonable child,† said Humpty Dumpty, looking very much pleased. â€Å"I meant by ‘impenetrability’ that we’ve had enough of that subject, and it would be just as well if you’d mention what you mean to do next, as I suppose you don’t mean to stop here all the rest of your life.† â€Å"That’s a great deal to make one word mean,† Alice said in a thoughtful tone. â€Å"When I make a word do a lot of work like that,† said Humpty Dumpty, â€Å"I always pay it extra.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œLewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, 1871 Use in Film Nancy: Can you, like, define the meaning of love? Fielding Mellish: What do you... define... its love! I love you! I want you in a way of cherishing your totality and your otherness, and in the sense of a presence, and a being and a whole, coming and going in a room with great fruit, and love of a thing of nature in a sense of not wanting or being jealous of the thing that a person possesses. Nancy: Do you have any gum?–Louise Lasser and Woody Allen in Bananas, 1971

Arguement-memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguement-memo - Essay Example You will note from my discussion that after intensive research on this debate I arrived at the conclusion that much, if not most opposition stems from a few who in a sense are praying on vulnerable consumers by appealing to their sense of ethics and frightening them using science, when in reality they are attacking the multinational companies involved in the production of GM crops. I recommend that multinationals take stock of Monsanto’s pledge which proposes advocating five commitments: respect, transparency, dialogue, sharing, and benefits. By doing so they will be better equipped to curb opposing assumptions and hearsay and at the same time better equip consumers to make their own judgments and make up their own minds as to the safety and whether they consume GM food. GM food has incited intense open debate, extensive scientific dialogue and widespread media coverage. This memo will summarize the pros and cons of the issue, address the main strengths and weaknesses of both sides and wrap up with three or four recommendations. Although there has been an enormous amount of information on the possible benefits of GM food supplied by scientists and other specialists, and authorities, there is fervent consumer opinion that genetically modified (GM) food yields, could lead to unfavorable results in a variety of areas. Arguments have focused on the â€Å"health implications and environmental impact of cultivating GM crops and have raised disputes over national interests, global policy, and corporate agendas.† (Hsin, 2002, para.1) Although there are a number of facets to this dispute, it should be kept in the perspective of scientific evidence, together with a vigilant consideration of agricultural potential now and in the future. Proponents of GM food claim they are more nutritious and aesthetically pleasing as well as possessing a longer shelf life allowing more time for administration and transportation. They purport that GM crops undergo

Guerrilla Marketing An alternative to classical marketing instruments Essay

Guerrilla Marketing An alternative to classical marketing instruments - Essay Example The difficulty with these traditional tools for marketing lies in areas of cost, as these are often expensive campaigns which require the efforts of internal and external expertise in order to make these campaigns bring a positive return on investment. For the smaller to mid-sized company, sometimes the classical marketing efforts are just too expensive to launch successfully without straining the brand budget. The purpose of this proposed research project is to investigate whether or not guerrilla marketing is more effective than other traditional methods for building rapid consumer interest. It has already been established that the costs of classical marketing instruments are sometimes just too high for the smaller business and these companies, in order to compete with larger and more budget-capable competitors, these brands require low-cost efforts to build stronger presence in their consumer target markets. Since it is completely unclear whether or not guerrilla marketing has the potential to bring better results than more costly and complicated marketing campaigns, it is important to identify different methods in which guerrilla marketing can and should be used to bring better results in consumer sales. Guerrilla marketing, best defined as a rather unconventional and innovative marketing technique which gathers consumers’ attention in unusual ways, is a new type of marketing which is becoming commonplace in today’s businesses, especially those with smaller marketing budgets. Guerrilla marketing is a more direct, in-your-face type of marketing which attracts rapid attention from desired consumer target audiences and uses tactics which create connection through lifestyle or personal consumer interests. For example, the Pepsi-Cola company conducted research among Hispanics and discovered that this group was drawn by colas with a cherry flavouring and product brand names whi ch are catchy and rememberable. The results

Career Goals Essay Example for Free

Career Goals Essay Have you ever had a goal in life you just had to reach? Well my goals in life are to join the navy and become a civil engineer. I realize that there are numerous ways to become a civil engineer, but I chose to join the navy because I feel it would be most beneficial to me. My first career goal after high school is to join the navy. To do this I will need to meet with a recruiter. Also I will need to take the asvab, after taking the asvab I will also need to take a series of fitness tests. Once in the navy I will need to attend officer candidate school, also I will need to attend civil engineering corps Officer School. After I have completed this I will also need to acquire a four year degree in civil engineering. Some of the reasons I want to join the navy. One reason I want to join the navy is because while in the navy they will send me to collage at no cost to me. Another reason is because if I enlist long enough I will be eligible to retire. Also I want to join the navy so I can travel the world. In order to become a civil engineer I chose to join the navy. I chose to join the navy over just going to collage because I believe that the navy has more to offer me. Some added benefits of joining the navy is they will provide me with a job. Also some benefits are I will get paid while I’m in school, also they will provide me a place to stay. Some added requirements of being in the navy are that I have to attend officer candidate school and also I must attend civil engineering corps officer school. A specific that I need to become a civil engineer is I need a four year degree in civil engineering. My two top choices of collages to get this degree at are either the University of Washington, or the University of Arizona. Different paths I could of chose are getting a degree in technical engineering, or electrical engineering. I chose civil engineering because I feel it will most prepare me for the career I have chosen. My career goals in life are to join the navy and become a civil engineer. The reason I chose this is I feel that the navy offers me more of an opportunity to travel and also to get hands on experience. Another reason I chose the navy is they will pay for my schooling.

Flash! :: essays research papers

FLASH!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On august 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Thousands of people died instantly from the initial blast. Others died later because of flash burns and radiation sickness. Those who lived had to move away from their homes and toward the parade grounds and parks. Any doctors that were uninjured had to work nonstop all day and night mending wounds. Some people mysteriously die and others are unrecognizable because of the flash burns covering their bodies. The few people that had survived the blast had to try to put their lives back to normal. Homes had been destroyed and family members killed. Now new people had started moving into Hiroshima once news spread that is was safe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Hiroshima was an enlightening view of what went on during the atomic blast and the days after. The part that sticks most in my mind was when Mr. Tanimoto was trying to help burn victims on the shore of the river. When he grabbed the one woman’s arm to pull her out to the boat he was using to transport injured people chunks of her skin slid right off. I could visualize the skin coming off because of a similar but not nearly as extreme of an experience. I had burned my arm on an oven rack and when I was wiping off my arm the skin peeled right off. As I read the section I could imagine a large piece of skin peeling off of a human hand and I thought that I would lose my dinner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another thing that remained in my memory throughout the novel was that people put their beliefs before their injuries. Mr. Tanimoto mention that he was ashamed that he could walk when he saw all of the injured people lying about unable to move. Dr. Sasaki didn’t sleep for the first three days because he knew it would be wrong to. Amazingly though, the injured had no shame they walked naked with burns from head to toe and thought nothing of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bomb fell silently and as in struck the ground a bright flash lit the whole city. The residents who lived through couldn’t seem to realize what kind of bomb it was. Some thought it was a cluster of many bombs. Rumors spread that a plane that had flown over had sprayed gasoline all across the city. Another said that magnesium powder had been dropped and reacted to the power lines.

Offshoring Paper Essay

This article talks about a trend that started as far back as the 1980’s when companies began sending many jobs abroad mainly because of cheap labor. However, that trend is quickly changing. Companies are discovering that the wage gap is narrowing and many of the disadvantages are now starting to outweigh benefits of sending jobs abroad. One of the points mentioned in the article is that wages in china have risen 10-20% in the last 10 years, whereas wages in America and Europe have remained about the same. Also, another disadvantage of send production abroad is that shipping can be very expensive. In recent years shipping costs have gotten higher such that the cost of producing elsewhere and shipping to the US is no longer as cheap as it used to be. The time factor is also a big issue. Many times transit takes as long as six weeks which makes it hard for companies to fulfill their orders in a timely manner. In conclusion, the article makes a note that a lot of companies are now rethinking their decision about going offshore. Opinion Most of the companies went offshore to save money, and I can see where they are coming from after all the whole goal of having a business is to make profits however in my opinion many of the companies did not take the time to properly analyze the other costs involved in moving jobs offshore. Many also forgot to consider how it will affect the quality of their service when it comes to shipping time and sometimes the quality of the product. I am very happy that many jobs are coming back and I think the government needs to do more to encourage the companies. They should offer tax reductions where necessary so that America will be able to compete in the global market. I also like the point the article makes, that just because companies are tending towards reducing offshoring does not mean they will be less global, infact distributing their activities more evenly around the globe will make most companies more efficient.

2 Random Speeches Bob Marley and Beauty (Ideas)

Speech September 27, 2012 Bob Marley the Rastafarian I. Nesta Robert Bob Marley was born February of 1945. Bob Marley was born in Jamaica. You might know him as a singer, song writer, a rhythm guitarist, and lead singer of the Wailer’s. He stayed with the group through most of his life. Bob is the go to guy for spreading Jamaican music and the Rastafarian movement. Some of his most popular songs are: I Shot the Sheriff, No Women No Cry and Jamming to name a few, I listen to some of his music, which for me is inspirational. Gives me something to think about, what was going on in his mind mentally and the thoughts about war, peace and love.II. One of my favorite quotes from Bob is â€Å"I don’t have prejudice against white people because then I would have prejudice against myself. My father is white my mother is black. I’m not on the black men side or the white men, I’m God’s side. Bob Marley was raised Catholic, but became a devoted Rastafarian and started growing dreads, which is very important to them, it’s like the anatine tuning meaning you’re into the universe. Rastas are also vegetarian. Bob was a jiglo with eleven kids, some you might know like Damien Marley and Ziggy Marley. III.Rastafarians also were avid pot heads which is a Rastafarian belief were ganja or that kush is a holy sacrament. The difference between Rastas and non Rastas are that they smoke for religious and medicinal purposes. Another quote I like is â€Å"why do government people want the herb to be illegal, why something that makes people so happy, so relax so illegal? Some people smoke weed because you rebel makes you question what is and what isn’t. Exercise your mind frees your mind in a society that tries to involve it’s self in everyday life telling you what is right and wrong! † IV.In July 1977 Bob found out that out that he had cancer all throughout his body, he even had spots his brain the size of quarters that the doctor didn’t understand how he last so long without any medication or medicine assistance. He was buried near his birth place; his last words were to his son â€Å"mommy can’t buy life†! I know that for me inner beauty supposed to shine through to reveal your outer beauty; and it’s taken me awhile for me to truly understand why men and women choose physical beauty over inner beauty. Physical beauty and inner beauty can be similar and dissimilar.Inner beauty are the actions we take, whether it’s giving up a smile to a stranger, eating the right foods, wearing clothes that shows our physique, or using the right hair tools: such as curling irons, flat iron, and gel. These are things we do to take care of ourselves, and they add up to make us the unique person that we and you are! Physical and inner beauty can be similar or dissimilar: they both attract people. People in general are attracted to both physical and inner beauty. I may be drawn to M orris Chestnut’s appearance; while my big sister will love his personality. Physical and inner beauty are both equally important though.Let’s take for example: Beyonce, who many young girls and women admire for her unique sense of style (myself included). I’ve never met her in person, but it seems to me that she has this balance of inner and outer beauty. As the face of L'Oreal, a brand known for their quality cosmetics: hair and nail colors; we have seen Beyonce’s alter ego Sasha Fierce! She’s a bad Bitch! She also appears to be very comfortable in her own skin either portraying Etta James in Cadillac Records or Deena Jones in Dream Girls. When I watch Beyonce being interviewed, she seems very genuine, candid, and confident when sharing bits and pieces about her life.I sense that she pay close attention to details: hair, make-up, perfume and the clothes she wears. Finding balance between inner and outer beauty doesn’t just happen overnight. It’ll take some inner soul searching and discovering of our own uniqueness: hat beauty could be in the form of how we dress or the way we shine! Most importantly it’s the way we feel about ourselves, and having the awareness that beauty consists of both the inner and outer, we are the first step to becoming more authentic and the real person that we were meant to be, Beautiful!

The eNotes Blog Scholarship Spotlight April2015

Scholarship Spotlight April2015 Every month, scours the web for  some of the best scholarships with upcoming deadlines. When you are ready to apply, check out our tips on How to Write a Scholarship Essay. Find even more scholarships and resources  here. Dr. W. Wes Eckenfelder Jr. Scholarship Amount: $5,000 Eligibility: Must be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, enrolled as a full time student or as a junior or senior, or be enrolled in a graduate program at an accredited college or university. Must also have declared a major in civil, chemical or environmental engineering or one of the environmental sciences (e.g. geology, hydrogeology, ecology). Requirements: Essay, two letters of recommendation Due Date: April 15, 2015 Mary Macey Scholarship Amount: Two $1,500 awards Eligibility: Applicants must currently work in the independent grocery industry, and be entering sophomores or continuing students in an associate degree program or four year university. Must also have a GPA of 2.0 or higher. Requirements: Essay, letter of recommendation, transcripts Due Date: April 19, 2015 Endowment Fund For Education (EFFE) Amount: Two $500 awards Eligibility: Must be enrolled in an accredited college or technical school program as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th year student, or returning for graduate study. Requirements: Essay, transcripts, resume, portfolio, two references Due Date: April 30, 2015 HENAAC Scholars Program Amount: $1,000-10,000 Eligibility: Must be involved in the Hispanic community and/or be of hispanic origin, and able to demonstrate leadership through academic achievements and campus activites. Must be in a science, technology, engineering, or math related major with a GPA of 3.0 or higher. Requirements: Essay, two letters of recommendation, official transcripts, resume, photo Due Date: April 30, 2015

Personal Flags Ice Breaker Activity

Personal Flags Ice Breaker Activity Flags have a way of making everybody feel good, especially when they’re waving in the breeze. Ask your students to make their own personal flag and present it to the class for this ice breaker. What does their personal flag say to the world? Ideal Size Any size works. Break into small groups if desired. Uses Introductions in the classroom or at a meeting, especially if your gathering is international. Time Needed 30 to 60 minutes. Materials Needed Depending on how elaborate you want to get, and how much time you have, you can have students draw on a regular piece of paper, or you can provide different colored construction paper, scissors, glue, etc. Either way, you’ll need colored markers. Although not necessary, if your topic is history or anything that involves flags of any kind, having examples available would be helpful, and colorful. It’s important to realize, though, that the flags being created are imaginative. The sky’s the limit. Instructions Provide your students with whatever materials you chose, and explain that you would like them to introduce themselves via their own personal flag. They will have 30 minutes (or so) to make their flag. Then ask students to introduce themselves, presenting their flag and explaining the symbolism in it. Debriefing If your topic is one that involves flags or symbolism, ask students to share how they responded to specific flags. What was it about the flag? Color? Shape? Did it elicit a certain feeling? How could this be used to influence?

Business plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business plan - Assignment Example The business has future projects of expanding its operations to the foreign markets and thereby expands the markets of the business to enable the business increase the sales to greater heights and then maximize on the profits (Abrams 2003). Joytex business is a partnership business that mainly deals with the production and marketing of the textile products. That is the reason why the name has got a suffix ‘tex’ because of the textile products production and selling in the business. It is located in Toronto in Canada Form of Business Ownership My form of business is Partnership. This form of business is owned by all the partners. I chose this form of business unit because here, different efforts can be combined to produce high quality output. This is because of job specialization that further leads to division of labour. Again raising of capital is not that hectic because the partners contribute in raising capital to start the business. Another reason that made me choose this form of business is that losses are shared among the partners and is not left for one (Abrams 2003). The business targets all categories of individuals ranging from children to the adults. The main reason for this is that most businesses in the area are mainly focussing on the ladies products and not any other. With all this category of people, the business therefore creates a wider market that will translate positively to an increase in the volume o sales. Businesses treat customers as their kings and queens therefore it is not ideal and advisable to concentrate in one particular group of people (Abrams 2003). The customers will prefer buying from me because the products that Joytex enterprises sell to them are the most current in terms of fashion and also are an improvement compared to the ones that are rendered by the competitors. The

Training paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Training paper - Essay Example There are several techniques that can be used to collect information for a needs assessment and these include observation, questionnaire and interview (Needs Assessment 11). The first technique is through observation. The advantage of this technique is that it generates data relevant to work environment; however, this technique requires a skilled observer to be effective. The second technique to collect information is through the use of questionnaires. An advantage of this technique is that one can collect data from a large sample, yet it is not costly. The disadvantage of using questionnaires is the possibility of getting low return rates and inappropriate responses. Conducting interviews is another technique used to collect information for needs assessment. The benefit of this technique is that questions can be modified depending on the response of the interviewee; however, a skilled interviewer is needed to do this. It is also time consuming and difficult to analyze. An organization has to conduct an organizational analysis before designing a training course because it must make sure that the training program is congruent with the strategies of the corporation. It must also take into account that the training program can be supported by the available resources of the company. Support of management and the employees who will take part in the training program is essential for the success of the program. The information acquired from an organizational analysis are the training resources available for the company and the qualities of the people who will be part of the training program. Aside from these information, the analysis will also acquire information on the objectives and goals of the company and the areas in the organization where training is needed (Landy and Conte 295). Organizations should conduct a person

Argue why Willy commits suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argue why Willy commits suicide - Essay Example Willy badly orients in the world, looking at it through pink glasses of his interpretation of the American Dream. His perception is childish and mythopoetic, and as all of us he is awfully afraid that his world can be broken, while as all of us he is not able to find his place beyond the mental frameworks he has built his life on. Loman’s interpretation of the American Dream makes him measure happiness in terms of success and material wellness that can be reached, as in a fairy tale, due to luck and favorable appearance. Abandoned by his father and elder brother, Loman strives for being â€Å"well-liked†. Unable to realize his dreams himself, Willy puts great hopes onto his sons, who fail to justify them. Frightened and directed by false visions, he is constantly lying to himself and people surrounding him. This way he tries to blind himself. â€Å"We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!† - exclaims Biff. Loman has no friends. At last Willy is aban doned even by his sons. His suicide is first of all his childish attempt to be loved at last. Planting the garden at night, Willy imagines his funerals: â€Å"Ben, that funeral will be massive! Theyll come from Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire! All the old-timers with the strange license plates—that boy will be thunderstruck, Ben, because he never realized—I am known! Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey—I am known, Ben, and hell see it with his eyes once and for all. Hell see what I am, Ben! Hes in for a shock, that boy!† Death is an opportunity to make his sons regret of him and see that his life had meaning. Naively Willy associates his funerals with those of Singleman, to which "hundreds of salesmen and buyers came." Funerals are to become Willy’s triumph. In fact, all his life is waiting for those funerals, demonstrating that he is â€Å"well-liked† and respected, that he has achieved much in life. Willy commits his suicide in hope that his family will get insurance money.

Study On Use Of Pile Foundation Engineering Essay

Study On Use Of Pile Foundation Engineering Essay Piles and pile foundations have been in use since prehistoric times. Pile is commonly described as a columnar element of a building foundation. Its function is to transfer the load from a superstructure to the hard layer in the soil, or on to the rocks. The objective of this project is to identify piles and its uses in the construction industry, based on its types and suitability. This report is based on the three main types of piles, which are large displacement piles, small displacement piles and replacement piles. Figure 1. Pile Construction This report also contains research materials done by several authors have published various journals on the aforementioned topic, and numerous engineering books on pile, pile engineering, soil types, etc have been referred to assist this report. Many journals were consulted during the inception of this research. Topics like Efficiency of Pile groups installed in cohensionless soil using artificial neural networks, Experimental study on pile-end post-grouting piles for super large bridge pile foundations, etc were consulted. From these journals, it has been concluded an Artificial Intelligence application can be made to predict the efficiency of the pile. Based on the results, a pile cap can be created, or even grouting works can be performed to improve the load bearing of the structure. The commonest function of piles is to transfer a load that cannot be adequately supported at shallow depths to a depth where adequate support becomes available, also against uplift forces which cause cracks and other damages on superstructure. A bearing pile is described as a pile which can pass through weak material, whilst its tip get across a narrow distance, which in turn leads to a layer of improved bearing capacity. When piles are installed onto a layer with minimal ability to support, and the bearing capacity is being carried by friction which is acting on the sides of the pile, they are called friction piles. Many times, the load-carrying capacity of piles results from a combination of point resistance and skin friction. The load taken by a single pile can be determined by a static load test. The allowable load is obtained by applying a factor of safety to the failure load. Types of Piles Piles are of various types. These piles are classified based on the scope of construction and soil type. Figure 3. Common Driven Pile Types Concrete Piles Precast concrete piles can be either reinforced concrete piles or prestressed concrete piles. Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types. It can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as insertion units in bore piles. Dense well-compacted good- quality concrete can withstand fairly hard driving and it is resistant to attack by aggressive substances in the soil, or in seawater or ground water. However, concrete is precast piles is liable to damage (possibly unseen) in hard driving conditions. Weak, honeycombed concrete in cast-in-situ piles is liable to disintegration when aggressive substances are precast in soils or in ground water. Cast In Place Concrete Piles Closed-ended hollow tubular sections of reinforced concrete or steel which are first driven into the ground and then filled with in-situ concrete. Cast-in-place concrete piles with their shell driven with mandrel are typically 50 to 80 ft (15 to 24 m) long and can specifically be designed for a wide range of loads. Typical loads that these piles can carry are 50 to 120 kips (222 to 534 kN) provided the maximum stress in concrete, is not more than 33% of 28-day strength. Figure 4. Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles The main disadvantages are that these piles are difficult to splice after concreting, their thin shells can be damaged during driving, and redriving is not recommended. Not the most economical solution, limited span length and requires formwork support. Generally, stress in steel should not exceed 0.35 x yield strength of steel. Figure 5. Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles The advantages are tht they have low initial cost, and tapered sections can provide higher-bearing resistance in granular stratum. These piles are best suited as medium-load friction piles in granular soils. Absolute minimum depth, no deck joints and aesthetic for small stream crossings. Precast Concrete Piles Manufacturing of pre-cast concrete piles are done within the range of 250mm 450mm. Mostly, the maximum section length can go up to 20m. There are various shapes of pile sections (eg. H-shaped, triangular-shaped, hexagonal-shaped, etc). Figure 6. Precast Reinforced Concrete Pile The construction of pre-cast concrete piles are done either in-situ or factory. Production and construction process widely affects the quality of the pile. A pile shoe should be fixed to the pile, in case the soil deposits contain a lot of boulders. This protects the pile while performing hard driving. For prestressed sections the maximum stresses should not exceed (0.33Æ’c 0.27 pe); where pe = effective prestress stress on the section. The main disadvantages of these piles are that they are difficult to handle without damage unless prestressed. They have a high initial cost, and prestressed piles are difficult to splice. It is also difficult to manufacture, subject to longitudinal and transverse cracking, not appropriate for curved or flared structures, complicated for skews. The advantages of these pile types include high load capacities, corrosion resistance, and resistance to hard driving. Absolute minimum depth of precast bridge for short and intermediate spans. Expedites stage construction. Drilled Shafts Drilled shafts are also known as caissons or piers or bored piles. This is often known to be a cost effective solution which is practiced worldwide. This is a widely used type of deep-foundation. Drilled Shafts are widely used in the construction of bridges and large buildings. This technique is used in construction areas where large loads along with lateral resistance are key factors. Figure 7.1. Drilled Shaft The main advantages are that it is economical, it could minimize pile need for pile cap, slightly less noise and reduced vibrations, adapts easily to varying site conditions and has high axial and lateral loading capacity. The main disadvantages are that it is extremely sensitive to construction procedures, not ideal for contaminated sites, and lack of qualified inspectors. Figure 7.2. Drilled Shaft A Drilled Pile is made of concrete or grout and cast or poured, in a plastic state, into a drilled hole in the earth. Augercast, Drilled Shafts, Drilled Cast-in-situ and, their variations are all forms of drilled piles. Completed drilled piles cannot be easily inspected after installation and can be difficult to install in very soft or loose soils, wet, and marine conditions. A Drilled Pile removes soil from the ground and the resulting round hole is filled with concrete or grout. Steel Piles These are more expensive then timber or concrete but this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease of handling of steel piles, by their ability to withstand hard driving, by their resilience and strength in bending, and their capability to carry heavy loads. Steel piles can be driven in very long lengths and cause little ground displacement. They are liable to corrosion above the soil line and in disturbed ground, and they require cathodic protection of a tong life is desired in marine structures. Long steel piles of slender section may suffer damage by buckling if they deviate from their true alignment during driving. Figure 8. Steel Piles Steel piles are strong, lightweight to handle, and capable ofcarrying heavy loads to deeper bearing stratum. They can be extended to any length since splicing is relatively easy, and these can also be readily cut to any required length. This makes steel piles suitable for areas where the depth of bearing strata are variable. Various types of steel piles in common use include pipe piles, H-section piles, box section piles, and tapered and fluted tubes. Pipe piles and H-section piles are the most commonly used steel piles in engineering practice. Steel pipe piles can either be driven open ended or closed ended. Open-ended piles will experience less driving resistance and can be drilled through obstructions such as boulders and bedrock. The piles are generally economical in the range of 40 to 80 ft (12 to 24 m) and can carry loads as high as about 250 kips (1115 kN). Pipe piles are most suited where overburden is soft clays, silts, and loose-to-medium dense sand and is underlain by dense-bearing granular material. H-Piles A form of Steel pile is known as H-Pile. These are wide-flanged sections made of steel. The biggest advantage of this pile is that the displacement of soil becomes very less, when compared against other soil displacement methods practiced in the world. The H-pile falls under small displacement category. Figure 9. H-Piles Timber piles cannot be driven through hard ground. Steel H-piles are essentially end-bearing piles. Due to limited perimeter area, H-piles cannot generate much frictional resistance. Corrosion is a major problem for steel H-piles. The corrosion is controlled by adding copper into steel. H-piles are easily spliced. They are ideal for highly variable soil conditions. H-piles can bend under very hard ground conditions. This is known as dog legging, and the pile installation supervisor needs to make sure that the piles are not out of plumb. H-piles can get plugged during the driving process. If the H-pile is plugged, end bearing may increase due to larger area. On the other hand, skin frictionmay become smaller due to smaller wall area. When H-piles are driven, both analyses should be done (unplugged and plugged) and the lower value should be used for design. Unplugged: Low end bearing, high skin friction. Plugged: Low skin friction, high end bearing. Advantages are that H-pile is available in various lengths and sizes easy to splice high capacity low soil displacement many penetrate larger obstructions with driving shoes. The disadvantages are that it is vulnerable to corrosion, hence not recommended as friction piles in granular soils may force the h-pile to bend on the weaker axis, during the pile-driving process. Due to this, there is a high chance of curvature, which may result when the piles are driven into a larger depth. Cylindrical Cylindrical piles have a high axial compressive strength for high bearing capacities; they have high moments of inertia and therefore can serve well as both a column and a foundation pile under high vertical and lateral loads. Figure 10. Cylinder Piles Cylinder piles are often used in nearshore applications where smaller foundation piles would require cofferdam construction and other costly measures. Drilled shafts have similar load bearing properties and capabilities, however, they are generally more costly than piles installed by impact driving. Timber Piles Untreated timber piles may be used for temporary construction, revetments, fenders and similar work; and in permanent construction where the cutoff elevation of the pile is below the permanent ground water table and where the piles are not exposed to marine borers. They are also sometimes used for trestle construction, although treated piles are preferred. Timber piles are difficult to extend, hard to anchor into the footing to resist uplift, and subject to damage if not driven carefully. Timber piles also have a maximum allowable bearing capacity of 45 Tons, whereas most structure piles are designed for at least 70 Tons. These piles are mostly installed by driving and are best suited as friction piles in granular material. Figure 11. Timber Piles The main advantages of timber piles are that they have low initial cost, are easy to handle, and resist decay when they are permanently submerged. The main disadvantages are that it is tough to splice, are vulnerable to damage in hard driving, and are susceptible to decay unless treated. Treatment becomes necessary when these piles are intermittently submerged. Composite Piles Materials may be used in combination in piles and the most common example is the use of steel and concrete. This may be by using driven steel casings of various types filled with a structural core of concrete, or a steel pile protected externally by concrete casing; the latter is normally only possible for exposed lengths of piles such as would be encountered in a jetty structure. There are, however, forms of steel pile, which have grout pipes throughout their length, which are used for forming a protective outer casing after driving. Figure 12. Composite Piles The maximum stresses in timber, steel and concrete should not exceed the values specified above for various materials. The main disadvantage of these piles is that it is difficult to attain good joint between two materials. The main advantage is that considerable length can be provided at comparatively low cost. High capacity may be possible depending on materials. use of piles in construction There are two types of piles used for construction: Displacement Piles Non-Displacement Piles DisplacemeNt Pile The type of pile, which is rammed into the ground, which does not remove the soil, but displaces the soil downwards and sidewise. This type of pile foundation is called displacement pile. Figure 13. Displacement Piles This method piles displace soil during their installation, such as driving, jacking, or vibration, into the ground. Examples of these types of piles are timber, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, close-ended steel pipe, and fluted and tapered steel tube piles. The advantages of displacement piles are: Material forming pile can be inspected for quality. Soundness before driving. Not liable to squeezing or necking. Construction operation not affected by ground water. Projection above ground level advantageous to marine structures. Can be driven in the very long lengths. The disadvantages of displacement piles are: May break during driving, necessitation replacement pile. Unseen damages may occurring thus decreasing the carrying capacity. Noise pollution may be caused during hammering. Vibration caused during the hammering process may pose a threat to nearby structures. Non-DisplacemeNt Pile These Piles do not displace soil during their installation. These piles are formed by first removing the soil by boring and then placing prefabricated or cast-in-place pile into the hole from which an equal volume of soil was removed. Their placement causes little or no change in lateral ground stress, and, consequently, such piles develop less shaft friction than displacement piles of the same size and shape. Piling operation is done by such methods, as augering (drilling, rotary boring) or by grabbing (percussion boring). Most common types of no displacement piles are bored and cast-in-place concrete piles. The advantages of non displacement piles are: Material forming pile is not governed by handling or driving stresses. Can be installed in very long lengths. No ground heaves. Can be installed in conditions of low headroom. Figure 14. Non Displacement Piles The disadvantages of non displacement piles are: Concreting in water-bearing soils require special techniques. Inspection of concrete cannot be done after installation. Cannot be extended above ground level without special adoption. LITERATURE REVIEW Description of Journals This section contains the description paragraph for the 5 technical journals which has been chosen to support the main topic of research. Adel M. Hanna, George Morcous, and Mary Helmy (2004) Efficiency of Pile Groups Installed in Cohensionless Soil Using Artificial Neural Networks. Adel M.Hanna, George Morcous and Mary Helmy evaluated the efficiency of pile groups installed in cohension-less soil subjected to axial loading. The authors feel that a resistance to the column load may result in a major difference between the total capacity of the individual piles and the group piles. This could lead to destruction of the building. The authors have developed an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model to assist the research. They have found that the ANN model is nearly 80% accurate to the predicted value. The predictions are very accurate, even with low tolerance values. They have also made an ANN model which can be easily updated when new data are obtained from laboratory and field tests. Kevin J.Bentley and M.Hesham El Naggar (2000). Numerical Analysis of Kinematic Response of Single Piles Kevin and Hesham have done a research on single piles, after anticipating the catastrophic losses in terms of human life and economic assets due to the earthquakes. They wanted to develop a model which evaluates the effects of ground motion on piles. Their aim was to develop a finite element model that can accurately model the kinematic soil-structure interaction of piles, accounting for non linear behavior of soil, discontinuity at the pile soil interface, energy dissipation and wave propagation. They found that the effect of the response of piles in elastic soil was slightly amplified in terms of accelerations and Fourier amplitudes. The authors have taken a good amount of information from previous researches made. They have found that the previous studies had its own drawbacks, which were concluded that interaction effects on kinematic loading are not significant at low frequencies but are significant for pile head loading. The authors used finite element program, ANSYS to analyze the full 3D transient method. They have found that the deflections obtained in the study were slightly greater than those from other tests. The authors concluded that the effect of soil layer overlaying the bedrock was to amplify the bedrock motion, which results in a higher free-field motion for the soil parameters used in the analysis. Increased Fourier amplitudes at the predominant frequency was an effect of soil plasticity. It slightly decreased the maximum acceleration amplitudes. Jinoh Won and Fred H. Kulhawy (2009) Reduction of Pile Head Displacement for Restrained Head Single Pile. The authors conducted a study on the effect of pile head fixity on the displacement of laterally loaded pile groups using analytical methods. It was found that the soil parameters have a major influence on the reduction factor, while the pile property influence is relatively minor. The rationale behind the problem is described as most pile foundations have pile cap that reduces the lateral displacement because of restraining effect on the pile heads. The authors learned that the previous researches which were done were for small-scale tests only. The authors have performed numerous tests, from which they found that there is a variation of reduction factor with soil properties for the drained cohensionless model. The authors have done a quantitative analysis to investigate the effect of pile head restraint on the displacement using an analytical method. Their design chart is matched reasonably well with the experimental and numerical data. Ling-gang Kong and Li-min Zhang (2007). Effect of Pile-cap Connection on Behaviour of Torsionally Loaded Pile Groups Evaluation of the responses, under torsion, of fixed as well as pinned pile cap was done by the authors. They have researched that, the torsional capacity of the pile group is significantly influenced by the pile-cap. The same applies with the pile-groups torque assignment. The authors claim that grouped piles are usually used as foundations for offshore platform, bridge bents and tall buildings. Due to natural disturbances like wind and wave actions, ship impacts or high-speed vehicles, the grouped piles may be exposed to significant torsional loads, leading to destruction and catastrophic effects on them. The authors have found that the lateral ad torsional resistance of the individual piles is mobilized by a pile group which is subjected to torsion. This could thrust up to 50% of the applied force, whilst the pile-cap foundation is fixed. From the research it has been noted that under loose sand the pile bend a minimal degree. Whereas under dense sand, and the same load, the pile bend less than the loose sand. They have modeled nonlinear soil response and major pile-soil-pile interactions and coupling effect in a pile group. Weiming Gong, Guoliang Dai and Haowen Zhang (2009) Experimental Study on pile-end post-grouting piles for super-large bridge pile foundations. The authors made an experimental study on pile-end and post-grouting piles for very large bridge-pile foundations. Before the after-grouting works were evaluated, the authors wanted to analyze the bearing capacity, bearing characteristics and displacement. The authors introduced 21 test piles to perform the experiment. The technique was implemented to increase the capacity as well as decrease settlement. The author has done a lot of background researches, across various bridges. From the research it has been found that the capacities are greatly enhanced after pile-base grouting. The Q-s curve before grouting decrease sharply under small loads and have great deviations from existed geological values, which attributes to long term interval between drilling and grouting. So the authors have proved that, by grouting, they have steadily increase the bearing capacity of a bridge. Order of Paragraphs Kevin and Hesham have done a research on single piles, after anticipating the catastrophic losses in terms of human life and economic assets due to the earthquakes. They wanted to develop a model which evaluates the effects of ground motion on piles. Their aim was to develop a finite element model that can accurately model the kinematic soil-structure interaction of piles, accounting for non linear behavior of soil, discontinuity at the pile soil interface, energy dissipation and wave propagation. They found that the effect of the response of piles in elastic soil was slightly amplified in terms of accelerations and Fourier amplitudes. The authors have taken a good amount of information from previous researches made. They have found that the previous studies had its own drawbacks, which were concluded that interaction effects on kinematic loading are not significant at low frequencies but are significant for pile head loading. The authors used finite element program, ANSYS to analyze the full 3D transient method. They have found that the deflections obtained in the study were slightly greater than those from other tests. The authors concluded that the effect of soil layer overlaying the bedrock was to amplify the bedrock motion, which results in a higher free-field motion for the soil parameters used in the analysis. Increased Fourier amplitudes at the predominant frequency was an effect of soil plasticity. It slightly decreased the maximum acceleration amplitudes. The authors conducted a study on the effect of pile head fixity on the displacement of laterally loaded pile groups using analytical methods. It was found that the soil parameters have a major influence on the reduction factor, while the pile property influence is relatively minor. The rationale behind the problem is described as most pile foundations have pile cap that reduces the lateral displacement because of restraining effect on the pile heads. The authors learned that the previous researches which were done were for small-scale tests only. The authors have performed numerous tests, from which they found that there is a variation of reduction factor with soil properties for the drained cohensionless model. The authors have done a quantitative analysis to investigate the effect of pile head restraint on the displacement using an analytical method. Their design chart is matched reasonably well with the experimental and numerical data. The authors carefully studied the reaction of two types of pile cap (fixed pinned) under torsion. They have researched that, the torsional capacity of the pile group is significantly influenced by the pile-cap. The same applies with the pile-groups torque assignment. The authors claim that grouped piles are usually used as foundations for offshore platform, bridge bents and tall buildings. Due to natural disturbances like wind and wave actions, ship impacts or high-speed vehicles, the grouped piles may be exposed to significant torsional loads, leading to destruction and catastrophic effects on them. The authors have found that the lateral ad torsional resistance of the individual piles is mobilized by a pile group which is subjected to torsion. This could thrust up to 50% of the applied force, whilst the pile-cap foundation is fixed. From the research it has been noted that under loose sand the pile bend a minimal degree. Where as under dense sand, and the same load, the pile bend less than the loose sand. They have modeled nonlinear soil response and major pile-soil-pile interactions and coupling effect in a pile group. Adel M.Hanna, George Morcous and Mary Helmy evaluated the efficiency of pile groups installed in cohension-less soil subjected to axial loading. The authors feel that a resistance to the column load may result in a major difference between the total capacity of the individual piles and the group piles. This could lead to destruction of the building. The authors have developed an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model to assist the research. They have found that the ANN model is nearly 80% accurate to the predicted value. The predictions are very accurate, even with low tolerance values. They have also made an ANN model which can be easily updated when new data are obtained from laboratory and field tests. The authors made an experimental study on pile-end and post-grouting piles for very large bridge-pile foundations. Before the after-grouting works were evaluated, the authors wanted to analyze the bearing capacity, bearing characteristics and displacement. The authors introduced 21 test piles to perform the experiment. The technique was implemented to increase the capacity as well as decrease settlement. The author has done a lot of background researches, across various bridges. From the research it has been found that the capacities are greatly enhanced after pile-base grouting. The Q-s curve before grouting decrease sharply under small loads and have great deviations from existed geological values, which attributes to long term interval between drilling and grouting. So the authors have proved that, by grouting, they have steadily increase the bearing capacity of a bridge. Addition of Introductory and Concluding Sentences Pile is commonly described as a columnar element of a building foundation. Its function is to transfer the load from a superstructure to the hard layer in the soil, or on to the rocks. Kevin and Hesham have done a research on single piles, after anticipating the catastrophic losses in terms of human life and economic assets due to the earthquakes. They wanted to develop a model which evaluates the effects of ground motion on piles. Their aim was to develop a finite element model that can accurately model the kinematic soil-structure interaction of piles, accounting for non linear behavior of soil, discontinuity at the pile soil interface, energy dissipation and wave propagation. They found that the effect of the response of piles in elastic soil was slightly amplified in terms of accelerations and Fourier amplitudes. The authors have taken a good amount of information from previous researches made. They have found that the previous studies had its own drawbacks, which were concluded that interaction effects on kinematic loading are not significant at low frequencies but are significant for pile head loading. The authors used finite element program, ANSYS to analyze the full 3D transient method. They have found that the deflections obtained in the study were slightly greater than those from other tests. The authors concluded that the effect of soil layer overlaying the bedrock was to amplify the bedrock motion, which results in a higher free-field motion for the soil parameters used in the analysis. Increased Fourier amplitudes at the predominant frequency was an effect of soil plasticity. It slightly decreased the maximum acceleration amplitudes. The type of soil is an important entity while fixing piles. The authors conducted a study on the effect of pile head fixity on the displacement of laterally loaded pile groups using analytical methods. It was found that the soil parameters have a major influence on the reduction factor, while the pile property influence is relatively minor. The rationale behind the problem is described as most pile foundations have pile cap that reduces the lateral displacement because of restraining effect on the pile heads. The authors learned that the previous researches which were done were for small-scale tests only.The authors have performed numerous tests, from which they found that there is a variation of reduction factor with soil properties for the drained cohensionless model. The authors have done a quantitative analysis to investigate the effect of pile head restraint on the displacement using an analytical method. Their design chart is matched reasonably well with the experimental and nu merical data. The frictional resistance of the pile is directly proportional to the soil cohesiveness, which means if the soil is cohesive, it will have a better contact with the area of the side pile. The pile cap distributes the load from the pillars, or piers, to the piles. The authors studied the reaction of the two pile caps (fixed and pinned) cap under torsion. They have researched that, the torsional capacity of the pile group is significantly influenced by the pile-cap. The same applies with the pile-groups torque assignment. The authors claim that grouped piles are usually used as foundations for offshore platform, bridge bents and tall buildings. Due to natural disturbances like wind and wave actions, ship impacts or high-speed vehicles, the grouped piles may be exposed to significant torsional loads, leading to destruction and catastrophic effects on them. The authors have found that a pile group subjected to torsion simultaneously mobilizes lateral and torsional resistance of the individual piles and the torsional resistance could thrust up to 50% of the applied force, whilst the pile-cap foundation is fixed. From the research it has been noted that under loose sand the pile bend a minimal degree. Where as under dense sand, and the same load, the pile bend less than the loose sand. They have modeled nonlinear soil response and major pile-soil-pile interactions and coupling effect in a pile group. An Artificial Intelligence based application need to be created which would perform tests based on experimental values. Adel M.Hanna, George Morcous and Mary Helmy evaluated the efficiency of pile groups installed in cohension-less soil subjected to axial loading. The authors feel that a resistance to the column load may result in a major difference between the total capacity of the individual

Mental Training-sports Essay -- essays research papers fc

Motivate Yourself! Metal preparedness is almost as important as physical training. To be mentally trained most closely means to be psychologically ready for the physical act of. Mental training includes several steps which include aquainting ones self with the event, setting a goal, finding out secret techniques or discovering the â€Å"trade secrets†, harnessing your inner psyche (Id) by having time set aside to discover it, monitor performance, visualize ones self in competition correcting all errors, and then combining all steps to make one the best athlete possible. Why is it that those of us who are out of a sport, and on our own to train can sometimes motivate ourselves to find the time to train and maintain a training schedule, and other times not? Sometimes we can get into the exercise habit and other times not? How can we make training part of our schedule? To be motivated to do something means to be persuaded that there is something to gain in it for one. Presumably, one should convince ones self that there is something to gain for one in pole-vaulting. Motivating one self is, however, somewhat paradoxical — a â€Å"catch 22†. What if you have to motivate ones self to motivate ones self? So, it is worth talking it over with another person. A person who does not find physical pleasure in pole-vaulting will not continue pole-vaulting for long. What motivates a pole-vaulter? Money? No. Love of their sport, maybe? Feeling good about being good at what they are doing? Pure enjoyment, exhilaration? Being on a team? Gaining position and power and influence? Being admired and appreciated by others? Yes! Is this enough to get you out on the mats regularly? Think over what you have to sacrifice to have the time to train. A movie, dinner with friends, late night TV, time with your family? One author suggested â€Å"mainly give up work. It’s impossible to keep up†. Visualize ones-self accomplishing the goal and feel that satisfaction that comes from success. Now how will a person remember that state of motivation that the person will want to have the next time they are deciding whether or not to row?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the person gets on the runway, it is important to make the experience pleasurable so one will want to come back. For most people, this means a few drills as they push off the dock to remind their nervous system of what is expected. Vaulti... ...ple Press. Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton. 2. Erickson, M. H., & Rossi, E. L. (1979). Hypnotherapy: An exploratory casebook. New York: Irvington. 3. Gallwey, Timothy. (1974). The inner game of tennis. New York: Random House. Grinder, J. & Bandler, R. (1976). The structure of magic. II. Palo Alto: Science and Behavior. 4. Ingalls, J. S. (1988). Cognition and athletic behavior: An investigation of the NLP theory of congruence. (Doctoral dissertation, Teachers College Columbia University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, (7). p. 2090-8. DA 8721125. 5. Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (Eds.). (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Boston: Reidel. 6. Miller, G., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 7. Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. & Rosch, E. (1993). The embodied mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: George Braziller. 8. Watzlawick, P., Bavelas, J., & Jackson, D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication. New York: Norton.

Max Weber’s Bureaucracy

In his article entitled â€Å"Bureaucracy†, Max Weber considers the structure of offices and management of organizations both public and private. He tries to construct a stereotype of these organizations through the use of a set of characteristics that he deems should be possessed by such groups. Furthermore, he also ventures his discussion into the characteristics of a bureaucratic official. The official to be thought of as bureaucratic thus should qualify these set of characteristics.A person possessing such characteristics is then judged as qualified and appropriate in office. However, if dispossessed of these characteristics, he is not fit for such positions in office. In expressing these ideas and concepts of bureaucracy, Max Weber attempts to impart the significance of office management in organizations. Therefore organizations, if not adopt Weber’s principles, should create their own set of attributes for each office in their circle to make the organization funct ion well. Weber introduces six important characteristics of a functional bureaucracy.First, he requires that organizations have a fixed set of rules for each governing area or portion of the organization (cited in Shafritz, 2005). Each organization should have different sections with a permanent and defined scope of governance and duties. Second, there exists in the organization a certain hierarchy of officials wherein subordinated officials are supervised by higher officials although supervising persons have no absolute power on subordinate officials. Third, the organization should have documentation of its progress and activities through written files.Fourth, officials should have a valid and qualified training to be appropriate for each office. Fifth, although the official has a limited tenure, he is expected to give his best and complete effort for the organization. Last, the set of rules and regulations could be learned by all officials (cited in Shafritz, 2005). Besides these characteristics, Weber also proposes that upon abiding all these characteristics, the position of an official becomes a vocation and that it possesses certain duties, responsibilities, rights and privileges including social security (cited in Shafritz, 2005).The concepts imparted by Weber are of great importance especially to organizational management. Through these characteristics introduced by Weber, the individual seeking to construct an organization could model a practical structure of governance and management. Furthermore, it is also helpful to people who wants to restructure the framework of their organization. It is interesting to note that the author explains his thoughts in a very effective and comprehensive technique through the use of comparison.He compares his image of a bureaucratic organization with those organizations of ancient history including patrimonialism (cited in Shafritz, 2005). Through this effort, the author convincingly illustrates the advantages of burea ucracy without even explicitly stating them. As a whole, the concept of bureaucracy was very impressive since it offers an efficient structure of organizational management. Furthermore, Weber’s explanation of principles both in public office and private economic organizations makes it more even appealing.Nevertheless, readers would also sense an ideal concept of bureaucracy that eventually will make them wonder if such ideal principles are actually realistic in nature. Yet again, in real world organizations, these principles are useful and applicable; applicable in a sense that, bureaucratic organizations should really have a set of rules and duties as well as rights and privileges for officials. Weber’s bureaucracy is a typical yet practical structural model of bureaucratic organizations.Its significance lies in its extensive application for budding organizations and reformation of existing organizations. In the real world, useful tips such as these should be taken in to account in creating positions in office. By doing so, the organization becomes more systematized and effective. Thus, generating a clear set of goals and a straightforward means of achieving these goals which is what an organization is all about. Reference Shafritz, J. Ott, J. S. & Jang, Y. S. (2005). Organization Theory. 6th Ed. USA: Cengage Learning.

Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 Essay

Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have a long history of intense competition since 1950. Besides the CSD (carbonated soft drink) consumption rise, it brought both Coke and Pepsi enjoyed significant revenue growth. In 2004, CSD has 52.3% of total US Liquid Consumption. Coke and Pepsi had 22.1% and 14.4% in Net profit/sales respectively. There are four major participants involved in the production and distribution of CSDs: 1. Concentrate Producers (Coke, Pepsi, and others)). They blended raw material ingredients, packaged the mixture, and shipped to the bottlers. They have large number of employees located in bottler site to support sales efforts, set standards, and suggest operational improvements. They negotiated with the bottlers’ suppliers to achieve reliable supply, fast delivery, and low prices. 2. Bottlers (CCE, PBG, and others). They purchased concentrate, added carbonated water and sweetener, bottled or canned the product, and delivered it to customers. The number of bottlers had fallen from more than 2000 in 1970 to fewer than 300 in 2004, especially after Coke and Pepsi did bottler consolidation and spin-off as part of plan to refranchise bottling operation. Coke built Coca-Cola Enterprise (CCE) and Pepsi formed Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) as their main bottlers. 3. Retail Channels. They consist of supermarket (32.9%), fountain machines (23.4%), vending machines (14.5%), mass merchandisers (11.8%), convenience stores and gas stations (7.9%), and others (9.5%). Pepsi focused on sales through retail outlets, and Coke dominated fountain sales. Both Coke and Pepsi entered fast-food restaurant business in order to have exclusive sales territory on the restaurant chains. 4. Suppliers. Concentrate producers needs caramel coloring, phosphoric/citric acid, natural flavors, and caffeine from suppliers. Bottlers also need to purchase packaging (cans, plastic bottles and glass bottles), and sweeteners. Coke and Pepsi establish stable long-term relationships with their suppliers and their bottlers’ suppliers. Chronology of the Cola Wars: * 1950s: Pepsi introduced â€Å"Beat Coke† motto. Pepsi introduced 26-ounce bottle, targeting family consumption. Coke stayed with its 6.5-ounce bottle. * 1960s: Pepsi launched new slogan, â€Å"Pepsi Generation†. By focusing on the younger population Pepsi narrowed Coke’s lead to a 2-to-1 margin. Pepsi had larger and more modern bottling facilities. Both groups started adding new soft drink brands. * 1970s: Pepsi Challenge: Starting in Texas, Pepsi’s bottlers had public blind taste tests to prove that Pepsi tasted better. This marking stunt increased sales significantly. Pepsi gained a 1.4 points lead in food store leads. Coke countered with rebates and renegotiations with franchise bottlers. Coke response by cutting costs (used corn syrup instead of sugar), doubling advertising spending, and selling off most non-CSD business. Diet Coke was introduced to become a phenomenal success. Coke tried to be innovative by changing its formula, but that failed miserably. Coke introduced 11 new products. Pepsi introduced 13 new products. Pepsi emulated most of Coke’s strategic moves. * 1980s: Coke did refranchising bottling operation and created independent bottling subsidiary, Coca-Cola Enterprise (CCE). Pepsi implemented similar anchor bottler model by forming its bottler, Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG). * 1990s: Soft drink industry faced new challenge on stagnant demand. * 2000s: Although Coke and Pepsi encountered obstacle in international operations, including antitrust regulation, price controls, advertising restrictions, foreign exchange control, lack of infrastructure, cultural differences, political instability and local competition, Coke enjoyed a world market share of 51.4% and Pepsi 21.8%. Coke and Pepsi have been very successful and profitable due to their dominance in the soft drink market. In 2004, the Herfindahl Index (HHI) for market concentration ratio is 0.3130. H = (Coke)2 + (Pepsi)2 + (Cadbury)2 + (Cott)2 + (Others)2 = (.431)2 + (.317)2 + (.145)2 + (.55)2 + (.52)2 = 0.3130 This index indicates high concentration with one or two strong players only. Soft drink industry has been so profitable because Americans drink more soda than other beverage. Head-to-head competition between both Coke and Pepsi reinforce brand recognition of each other. Coke and Pepsi devoted spending on marketing, advertisement, innovation, and market expansion. It is a unique industry where Concentrate Producers and Bottlers are two different entities. Concentrate manufacturing process involved little capital investment in machinery, overhead, and labor. Other significant costs were for advertising, promotion, market research, and bottler relations. One plant could serve entire United States. In the other side, the bottling process was capital-intensive and involved high-speed production line. Bottlers also invested in trucks and distribution networks. Bottlers handled merchandising. Bottler’s could also work with other non-cola brands. From the financial data of Coke, Pepsi, CCE, and PBG, concentrate producers are far more profitable than their bottlers. The colossal war between Coke and Pepsi really affected the soft drink industry. It shaped the industry into what it is now. The fact that those two major players has involved in the competition since the very beginning (1950s) is the advantage for them to keep dominating the market and gain brand popularity in US market and international market. Since 1990s, Coke and Pepsi faced new challenge on flattening demand, banned the sales in some US schools, and obstacles in their international operations (regulatory challenges, cultural and any existing competition). Popularity of non-carbonated beverages has also increased. But Coke can Pepsi can sustain their profits in the industry because they are still dominant (no new threats from new competition, no new significant competitors), they have been in the industry long enough to place their brand recognized globally (easy to diversify new product by leveraging their brand), globalization has opened opportunity for them to expand their international market (especially in emerging economies), potential to growth is still high in the emerging market (consumption is still low), and they have diversified into non-carbonated drinks as well as â€Å"diet† drinks (less sugar or zero sugar beverages). In my opinion, Coke and Pepsi need to focus on emerging international market and focus on the innovation to create new products as alternative (non-carbonated, diet, and healthier).