Walt Whitman s Song Of Myself - 1191 Words

Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† Walt Whitman was an American poet born in May 31, 1819 in New York, and he died in March 26, 1892 in New Jersey. He grew up going to school in separate facilities from people of color, so he was growing up along with the nation. He was self-taught by exploring things for himself, for example, going to the museums when he could. Whitman as a young boy alternated from being in the city to being in the countryside with his grandparents. He was exposed to be being self-reliant at a young age. His writings were influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson, which lead him to having a collection of unnamed poems, and one of them was â€Å"Song of Myself†. In Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"Song of Myself†, Whitman managed to express†¦show more content†¦During this movement, the history of the nation was changing. There was slavery and many different cultures from different individuals in the nation. By looking at Walt Whitmanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s â€Å"Song of Myself† poem, the reader can better understand why he came to have his point of views while discovering who he was during this era based off the changing culture in the nation, the religious views towards nature, and the social views on equality among people. In the 1820’s, the nation’s culture was changing because of the Transcendentalism movement influence. In the poem, Whitman begins with â€Å"I celebrate myself, and sing myself† (Whitman, 1330). During this time, the movement was influencing the culture which is shown by Whitman’s first sentence in his poem. The Transcendentalism movement â€Å"took a concern for self-culture, a sense of moral seriousness . . . a tendency toward individualism, a belief in the importance of literature, and an interest in moral reform† (Grodzins). Self-culture is the idea of being self-aware of what ideas to live by which is reflected in Whitman’s poem. Around this time, ther e was a sense of nationalism because of the immigration that was occurring and the expansion of the nation. This idea of self-culture lead to a different views on religion. There were different religions then, since one of the main points of the new nation was to have freedom of religion. This movement allowed for the culture to be more about

Comparison Between Aristotle And Socrates - 1174 Words

Akrasia can be defined as the portrayal of weakness of will through one acting out against their better judgement. Two philosophers, Aristotle and Socrates, both have strong view on akrasia and what it involves. Aristotle believes that the akratic person does wrong even though he/she knows what is right, but that he/she is driven by passions, emotions and motivations. Socrates believes that if a person knows what they are doing is wrong, he/she will not engage in it, as they are aware of the outcome and no one desires negative outcomes. Socrates believes that people s wrong doings are a result of ignorance and that they lack the knowledge to know right from wrong. I agree with aristotle, in that some people may know what is right, but whether it is internal motivation or outside factors influencing them to act out, they do wrong anyways. The part of Aristotle s argument that I don t agree with, however, is that a person committing wrong doings is solely driven by passions and that th ere is no inductive thought or reasoning that goes on before the act is committed. I believe that people may commit acts of wrong doing, knowing it is wrong, and having thought it through are still driven by passions and emotions. Socrates argument explains that in order for some one to do wrong, it means that they do not know the act they are committing is wrong. In his opinion, all acts of wrongdoing are a result of lack of knowledge. He strives for education to achieve a common goalShow MoreRelatedThe Individual and the Community963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Individual and the Community This paper will give insight into the different views of three different philosophers with a never-ending struggle to keep a balance between the community and the Individual. By explaining their views he/she will find different definitions from the philosophers on how to live as an individual under a ruler and how a good citizen should be characterized. For example in Antigone a good citizen would not have gone against the law and buried their sibling in one of theRead MoreThe Role Of Happiness . â€Å"Happiness Is The Meaning And The1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Happiness â€Å"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence† (Aristotle). In ethics, we study the place of morality in a social construct, where happiness is the core of ethical concern. Happiness for the individual, happiness for the majority, happiness for nature. What is the key to a happy life? Aristotle believes the key is eudaimonia, or a state of having a good soul or being in a contented state of being healthy, happy, and prosperousRead MorePlato s Theory Of Form1111 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophical theory for the purpose of improving said theory. Aristotle took advantage of the practice of Socratic questioning to inquire about Plato’s theory of Form and its explanation of causality in comparison to Aristotle’s own theories of causality and being. Aristotle criticizes Plato’s theory of Form because it only accounted for a one-dimensional explanation of what things are made up of and what identifies them. Ari stotle offers his own explanations of causality and being through his fourRead MorePros And Cons Of Ethical Egoism1299 Words   |  6 Pagesinjections of sterile water rather than morphine, so he could sell the morphine†(Rachels, 81). These are just two examples illustrating how chaotic and cruel the world would be if Ethical Egoism were to be adopted. 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Although Plato’s view on knowledge describes the internal predisposed essence of all Forms and the need forRead MorePlato s Republic, And His Sun Analogy1601 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasis will be placed on Socrates†™ discussion of it in The Republic, and his sun analogy. I will argue that its epistemological role is perhaps most convincing, as the other two fall to a number of criticisms. Other criticisms will be offered, including how vague the theory is, and those offered by Aristotle in particular. The Form of the Good is notoriously ambiguous, in that it is difficult to pin down precisely what it is. In Plato’s Republic, through the character of Socrates, we see an attempt toRead MoreReflection Of Socrates And Plato889 Words   |  4 PagesFamous Greek Philosophers both Socrates and Plato believed in a life that had meaning and value, one that would be understood through a certain process or way of life. 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Treatment-Naive Adolescents With Clinical Depression

Question: Case study Julie is 45 and has recently been diagnosed with clinical depression (unipolar). Prior to her diagnosis she worked she worked as a PA to a government minister. However, she no longer feels that she can work effectively and has been signed off from work. She rarely leaves the house, eats very little and suffers from insomnia. She doesn't socialise or have any contact with her family. She has recently been experiencing recurring thoughts of suicide. she has returned to her doctor as she feels that her condition is worsening. Task 2 You now need to COMPARE and CONTRAST how different psychological perspectives would explain the CAUSE, EFFECT and TREATMENT of Julie's clinical depression. Use the compare/contrast table provide to plan your work. You need to compare and contrast 2 perspectives from the following: the biological, psychodynamic, behavioural or cognitive perspectives of abnormal behaviour. NB: Focus on the cause and effect, symptoms, treatment. compare and contrast the different explanation of cause, effect, and treatment of abnormal behaviour that result from different perspectives.Please relate to the case study and no assumption. Task 3 You now need to select one BIOLOGICAL and one PSYCHOLOGICAL treatment for Julia. For each treatment you need to EXPLAIN the PRACTICAL IMPLICATION(i.e cost,success rate etc) and ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS (is the treatment humane, stressful? etc?) of administering the treatment. You must fully engage with the case study and use examples to illustrate your explanations. NB: Explain the practical and ethical implications of different forms of biological and psychological treatment. Answer: Cause of clinical unipolar depression Biological Infrastructure Julia is 45 years old and facing the challenge of clinical unipolar depression. Some changes in the brain dynamics can cause clinical depression in individuals after a certain age. Julie might be experiencing the aftereffects of such changes. Chemistry of the brain Neurotransmitters are the brain chemicals that have been related to several cases of depression (Zuidersma et al. 2013). Change in the functionality of the neurotransmitters may have caused the depressive changes in Julia. The interaction between such transmitters and neurocircuits are supposed to maintain mood stability. In case of Julia, work pressure and mid-life issues may have hampered the interaction and caused the resulting depression. Hormones Julia seems to be in her post or premenopausal period, which indicates, changed in the hormone level. This, in turn, may have caused the depression. Inherited Trait The case study does not provide Julia's family history, but it can be deduced that if Julia's family members had experienced bouts of depression in the past, she might have inherited the same genes that caused depression in her relatives (Aghajani et al. 2014). If the biological infrastructure is responsible for Julias condition then the doctor can recognize the change in brain dynamics and offer her a prescription of drugs suitable for reversing her condition as much as is possible. The chemical changes in the brain can also be altered to some extent with the use of neural medications and antidepressants. If the depressive changes are caused by hormonal imbalances then hormonal therapies can treat them. Inherited traits cannot be treated but the symptoms can be managed well with therapy and medications. Effects of Unipolar Clinical Depression Julia is a 45-year-old female recently diagnosed with clinical unipolar depression. Although she was actively involved in an office environment serving as a PA to a government minister, due to the depression she no longer feels that she can cope with the work. The workload seems unbearable; she is no longer enthusiastic about the work. Due to her attitude towards the work she has been signed off from work. The depression has weighed her down and so much so that she no longer considers frequent outings, she has lost her appetite and sleep over the period. She no longer socializes, and Julia has now developed suicidal tendencies. Insomnia and loss of appetite are common symptoms of depression. Suicidal tendencies are caused when the patient loses interest in living or sees no future ahead (Pedersen et al. 2012). Treatment for Unipolar Clinical Depression Several treatment approaches can be taken to treat clinical unipolar depression. Psychoanalytic approach Sigmund Freud founded the Psychoanalytic approach (Muoz et al. 2012). This approach lays a heightened emphasis on the workings of the unconscious and its resultant effect on behavioral aspects. An example of such an aspect is anger turned inward which results in self-harming tendencies. The approach regards the personality as the deciding factor. Ego is burdened with superimposition of guilt and pride on ego. Here we can see the effects on Julia as she has developed suicidal tendencies, which is bordering on self-harm. This therapeutic technique can help Julia identify her own feelings and act with clarity. Trait Approach Julias own traits might have pushed her over the edge and helped in the development of depression. Trait approach involves the working of relatively stable characteristics of an individual (Tournigand et al. 2015). The trait approach considers a group of people instead of considering an individual. There are five personality factors defining the trait approach. There is agreeability, neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion and openness. These traits will decide whether Julias depression is caused by constant worry, insecurity and self-pity. Biological Approach The biological approach considers the genetic susceptibility to depression. The approach also considers the serotonin monoamine neurotransmitter theory (Asgari et al.2014). According to this theory, depletion of serotonin from the receptor sites causes depression. This is the kind of depression that can be treated with administration of continued doses of medication over an extended period. Julia has chosen to go back to the doctor because her condition has worsened over time. If the doctor detects depletion of serotonin, then he or she can prescribe medications to supplement the depletion. Humanistic Approach While every other theory discusses medications and therapeutic treatment options, this approach actually takes the human nature and conditioning into account (Videbech and Ravnkilde 2015). This approach can be used to change the way Julia views herself as an individual. It can increase self-worth and improve self-concept. Behavior improvement and social learning approach Proper conditioning and observation can achieve changing personal and social behavior (Brown and Harris 2012). The environmental stimulus can strengthen the likelihood of specific response. The way Julia observes the world around her and the way she perceives what are happening around her can decide how she acts. Her depression can be managed by changing the environmental stimulus. Compare and contrast between Psychological and Biological approaches The psychological approaches are utilized to fight unipolar depression depends on three models namely, Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive. The psychodynamic model is widely utilized despite of the fact that it does not hold any strong research evidence. The behavioral model is primarily utilized for mild to moderate depression but it is practiced less in the past years. It seems to provide limited help. The cognitive model has performed immensely well due to the fact that involves large behavioral techniques that are designed to assist the patients suffering from unipolar disorder to alter their negative cognitive processes. On the other hand Biological approaches results in bringing relief to the individuals with unipolar disorder. Usually biological treatment involves antidepressant drugs, but for rigorously depressed individuals who do not respond to the other forms of treatment, it involves brain stimulation or electroconvulsive therapy. The antidepressant drugs such as Monoami ne oxidase inhibitors are used to this treat depression. Another drug which reduces depression is Trycyclics for this disease. Biological Treatment for Unipolar Clinical Depression The first line of treatment for clinical unipolar depression is antidepressant, which the doctor can prescribe to Julia if the pattern of depression in her case is periodic (Fava et al. 2014). Psycho and sociotherapeutic approaches can also be used to treat depression in patients like Julia, who has had prior records of medication or therapeutic experience. There are several factors to take into account when treating a patient like Julia with antidepressants. Julia here is returning to her doctor as her condition is worsening. Therefore, it can be deduced that she has had her depression treated earlier. The choice of medication depends upon whether her prior experience with medication and therapy has had positive outcome or not. If need be, every associated effect of depression has to be treated separately so that Julia can lead a better, healthier life. The treatment plan should take into account the usage of non-psychiatric drugs. If Julia has had a history of using non-psychiatric drugs, then the doctor should consider their effects and side effects before prescribing her some drugs to manage the depression. Patient preference, budget constraints availability of the drugs should also be taken into account (Lin et al. 2013). The unipolar depression in the patient could be easily treated with a single line of drug. The changes in drugs are minimal in cases of unipolar depressive disorders. The cost of drugs is also minimized because the nature of the disorder does not demand to be treated with a variety of medications. Instead, a single prescription of drugs is enough to treat Julia. The success rate of such drugs has been noted to be extremely high. While several side effects have been associated with the drugs, with minimal usage comes the benefits of fewer side effects. Ethically speaking these drugs are reported to have several side effects. First, they are addictive (Wang et al. 2014). So while administering such a drug careful consideration should be taken into account. The patient history should be considered along with the threshold of the patient. Here Julia's medical history is not mentioned, but the doctor should consider it before prescribing any drug. Not only that, there are several physical side effects of antidepressants and when combined with some other medications the implication of the effect can become huge. Ethical implications regarding biological treatment concerns about research of unipolar disorder have been raised, for the majority of part, since concerns regarding the capacity of decision-making of probable participants of research. Unipolar disorder is a disorder of troubled thinking and so it was reasoned that if thinking is disturbed, then capacity to approval is possible to be compromised. Hence, as a result, people with unipolar disorder have long been considered a susceptible population in the setting of research. Psychological Therapy for Unipolar Clinical Depression The commonest and the most successful kind of psychological therapy is talk therapy (Sowislo and Orth 2013.). The case study depicts that Julia has currently chosen a life of social isolation. She has stopped going out, going to work or interacting with people. She no longer interacts with family members and has had several episodes of hiked suicidal tendencies. She is on self-harming mode and does not feel the need to connect with people around her anymore. She has chosen to go back to the doctor out of desperation, and talk therapy is the best option for her. Are talk therapies cheap? Not necessarily but if we consider Julia's case, then we should take note of the fact that her condition is worsening. She is getting worse by the second and needs proper assistance, which is unavailable to her. It seems that she is incapable of processing her own feeling for which the resonance approach is the best. If she talks with a professional, she will better understand herself. Talk therapies have been proven effective in several psychological cases. Moreover, ethically speaking talk therapy is a better tool than addictive antidepressants. It will also help discount Julias loneliness. References Aghajani, M., Veer, I.M., van Lang, N.D.J., Meens, P.H.F., Van Den Bulk, B.G., Rombouts, S.A.R.B., Vermeiren, R.R.J.M. and Van Der Wee, N.J., 2014. Altered white-matter architecture in treatment-naive adolescents with clinical depression.Psychological medicine,44(11), pp.2287-2298. Asgari, M., Shafran, I. and Sheeber, L.B., 2014, September. Inferring clinical depression from speech and spoken utterances. InMachine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP), 2014 IEEE International Workshop on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Brown, G.W. and Harris, T. eds., 2012.Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. Routledge. Fava, G.A., Ruini, C., Rafanelli, C., Finos, L., Conti, S. and Grandi, S., 2014. Six-year outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for prevention of recurrent depression.American Journal of Psychiatry. Lin, N., Dean, A. and Ensel, W.M. eds., 2013.Social support, life events, and depression. Academic Press. Muoz, R.F., Beardslee, W.R. and Leykin, Y., 2012. Major depression can be prevented.American Psychologist,67(4), p.285. Pedersen, I., Ihlebk, C. and Kirkevold, M., 2012. Important elements in farm animal-assisted interventions for persons with clinical depression: a qualitative interview study.Disability and rehabilitation,34(18), pp.1526-1534. Sowislo, J.F. and Orth, U., 2013. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Psychological bulletin,139(1), p.213. Tournigand, C., Canoui-Poitrine, F., Reinald, N., Laurent, M., Guery, E., Caillet, P., David, J.P., Lagrange, J.L., Bastuji-Garin, S., Lemogne, C. and Paillaud, E., 2015, May. Association between geriatric assessment findings and clinical depression in 1092 older patients with cancer: The ELCAPA Cohort study. InASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings(Vol. 33, No. 15_suppl, p. 1574). Videbech, P. and Ravnkilde, B., 2015. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies.American Journal of Psychiatry. Wang, P.S., Beck, A.L., Berglund, P., McKenas, D.K., Pronk, N.P., Simon, G.E. and Kessler, R.C., 2014. Effects of major depression on moment-in-time work performance.American Journal of Psychiatry. Zuidersma, M., Conradi, H.J., van Melle, J.P., Ormel, J. and de Jonge, P., 2013. Self-reported depressive symptoms, diagnosed clinical depression and cardiac morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction.International journal of cardiology,167(6), pp.2775-2780.

Mars Essays (2035 words) - Shield Volcanoes, Mars, Pavonis Mons

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and orbits the sun at a distance of about 141 million mi. Mars is named for the Roman god of war because it appears fiery red in the earth's night sky. Mars is a small planet that has about half the diameter of Earth and about one-tenth Earth's mass. The force of gravity on the surface of Mars is about one-third of that on Earth. Mars has twice the diameter and twice the surface gravity of Earth's moon. The surface area of Mars is almost exactly the same as the surface area of the dry land on Earth. The Martian day, or the time it takes Mars to rotate once on its axis, is about a half an hour longer than an Earth day. Its year, or the time it takes to revolve once around the sun, is about two Earth years long. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos. THE INTERIOR OF MARS Scientists believe that Mars's interior consists of a crust, mantle, and core like Earth's interior, but they do not know the relative sizes of these components. Because no spacecraft has ever brought instruments that can study Mars's interior to the planet, the only real data that scientists have about the planet's structure are its mass, size, and the structure of the gravity field. Compared to Earth, Mars probably has a relatively thick crust. Beneath the surface is an area of volcanic activity in the northern hemisphere, it may be as thick as 80 mi. Beneath the landing site of the United States spacecraft Viking 2, it may be as thin as 9 mi. The core is probably consists of mostly iron, with a small amount of nickel. Other light elements, mainly sulfur, could exist in the core also. If so, the core may be quite large. Mars does not have a significant magnetic field, so scientists believe that Mars's core is probably solid. Mars does not, and probably did not ever, have active plate tectonics. Because Mars is so much smaller than Earth, it must cooled quickly after formation and the crust thickened, forming one solid piece and eliminating any possibility of plate tectonics as it was on and still is on Earth. Though the Martian crust is not broken into separate plates, Mars's liquid mantle has sculpted the planet's surface. The molten rock has broken through the crust to form volcanoes and its motion has cracked the crust to form large rifts. THE SURFACE OF MARS The surface of Mars would be a harsh place for humans, but it is more like the surface of Earth than any other planet. The temperature on Mars does not get much cooler than the temperature at Antarctica. At the surface it ranges from about -140? C to 15? C (about -225? F to 60? F). During most of the year wind speeds are normally low around 4.5 mph, but during dust storms they can approach 40 to 50 mph. These winds often originate in large basins in the southern hemisphere and carry large volumes of dust from the basins to other regions, sometimes covering the entire planet in the storm. The dust is not sandy, as in a sandstorm on the earth, but has the consistency of flour. The northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have different characteristics. The southern hemisphere has many impact craters and has a generally much higher elevation than the northern hemisphere. The southern highlands are probably the oldest ground on Mars. The northern hemisphere of Mars contains a much wider variety of geologic features, including large volcanoes, a great rift valley, and a variety of channels. The northern hemisphere also contains large expanses of relatively featureless plains. Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons. It is 16 mi high (almost twice as high as the earth's Mount Everest) and covers an area comparable to the state of Arizona. Near it, three other volcanoes almost as large-Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons-form a line running from southwest to northeast. These four volcanoes are the most noticeable features of a large bulge in the surface of Mars, called Tharsis. Another volcano, Alba Patera, is also part of the Tharsis bulge, but is quite different in appearance. It is probably less than 4 mi high, but has a diameter of 1000 mi. None of Mars's volcanoes appear to be active. The Tharsis bulge has had a large effect on the appearance of the surface of Mars. The Tharsis bulge