Justice System Position Essay

Adolescent crime percentages in the United States tumbled to another 32-year low in 2013. In 2012 there were around 60,000 brutal wrongdoing captures including young people younger than 18. From 2011 to 2012 there was a 10% decrease in the quantity of youth captures for each of the four offenses, which added to a general drop of 36 percent since 2003. In 1994, police revealed 500 brutal youth wrongdoing captures for each 100,000 10-17-olds in the populace. In 2008, the capture rate fell and there were 300 captures for each 100,000 adolescents in the populace. Presently, somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012, there are 190 captures for each 100,000 adolescents (â€Å"Violent Youth Crime in U.S. tumbles to New 32-Year Low†, 2013). What do every one of these numbers speak to? Another expectation later on for the adolescent in the United States. A portion of the primary reasons adding to this sensational decline in adolescent capture rates remember a move for contemplating the m ost ideal approaches to deal with youngsters who violate the law, a nonstop time of diminishing adolescent wrongdoing, and financial weights on state governments that have numerous individuals, including traditionalists who upheld extreme on-wrongdoing arrangements, searching for more affordable choices to mass imprisonment. The United States rates for imprisonment for adolescents are18 times more prominent that of France, and in excess of multiple times more noteworthy than that of Britain. Nations like Finland or Sweden don't for the most part lock up youthful guilty parties and offer the adolescent the best chances to develop into adulthood. Huge scope detainment just prompts misuse and cruel treatment for the kids and young people kept, and it is over the top expensive. Actually a normal bed in an adolescent amendment office costs about $88,000 per year. Placing grieved youth into very trained, prohibitive, and long haul situations conflicts with everything that we think about the adolescent cerebrum and accepts away open doors from these young people to learn new aptitudes and constructive methods of carrying on. Most states pressure detainment and discipline and it is meddling with compelling diversionary, treatment, and recovery works on (â€Å"Building a More Effective Juvenile System†, 20 14). Recovery rehearses appear to be the most legitimate course to treatingâ delinquent youth and setting them up for a superior future. They are the fate of America and they are dealt with now will influence the crime percentages later on. Various proof based practices have had a beneficial outcome on diminished imprisonment and reoffending for youth. Examination shows that compromising and disciplinary associations, detainment, and discipline just increment the forceful conduct that we see in upset youth. To support our childhood and keep on diminishing the paces of misconduct and re-affronting we can decrease the weight on detainment and discipline and increment offenders’ cooperations with positive very much prepared grown-ups that will assist them with turning out to be better people. Adolescent wrongdoing has been a significant issue for law authorization officials. Law implementation officials have an objective to keep adolescent wrongdoing from occurring. Without recognizing what triggers misconduct, officials have no clue about how to stop it before it occurs. In the past law requirements response to reprobate conduct was to capture these people. With the emotional reduction in youth captures, it has any kind of effect in what cops are managing each day. It additionally makes their employments more secure. On the off chance that law authorization sat idle, at that point adolescents would keep on doing an inappropriate. Law authorization should show enthusiasm for the young people in the networks that they serve. Conversing with them, posing inquiries, and pointing them the correct way could transform them. Cops are good examples and even can be saints. In 2001 San Diego cop Jeremy Henwood was drawn closer by a 13-year-old kid and requested a dime to purchase a treat at McDonalds. Official Henwood took some time and asked the kid what he needed to be the point at which he grew up. The kid answered that he needed to turn into a b-ball player in the NBA. Official Henwood disclosed to him that he would need to try sincerely and center to arrive. He purchased the kid a few treats and returned to his police cruiser. Just minutes after the fact Officer Henwood was gunned down in his vehicle and killed. At the point when this kid heard the news it made himextremely upset and he said that his discussion with Officer Henwood implied such a great amount to him. He said he could always remember the discussion that they had. It had any kind of effect to him. He said that he would strive to arrive at his objectives as a result of him (â€Å"Slain San Diego Officer Remembered for Good Deeds†, 2011). Law implementation can have any kind of effect for our childhood and through these endeavors diminish wrongdoing and make their employments simpler. Adolescent courts and probation assume a focal job in the administration of adolescent equity in the United States. Any arrangements and projects pushed by these units enormously characterize the Nation’s reaction to adolescent wrongdoing. In 1996 1.76 million wrongdoing cases were taken care of by U.S. courts and adolescent post trial supervisors had contact with pretty much all of those cases. While rates have diminished since 1996, it despite everything puts a colossal load on the two units (â€Å"Overview†, 1999). While it may cost more to restore and treat every adolescent guilty party from the start, the quantity of reoffenders would diminish definitely. They could be encouraged how to utilize the abilities they were brought into the world with, learn new aptitudes, and figure out how to be effective throughout everyday life. In the end the weight would not exclusively be off of the court and probation framework, yet in addition off of the recovery programs. Another unit in the equity framework that would be influenced by restoration is adjustments. At present amendment offices do offer a type of restoration for those detainees who pick it or must choose between limited options. In light of levels of popularity, few out of every odd reprobate can get the particular treatment that they need. On the off chance that recovery took need in any case, the imprisonment rates would unquestionably diminish and these offices could give individualized treatment. As I referenced before, to give a bed to one youth for a year costs on normal $88,000. In the event that these numbers diminished, these assets could be utilized to give grants and different motivating forces to our childhood. At present network administrations are utilized as a discipline for adolescent delinquents rather than imprisonment. It as a rule is a strategy used to show a reprobate that there are results to their activities. Important people group administration alongside legitima te treatment can show kids and youthful teenagers that there is quite a lot more to life than stumbling into difficulty. It is an incredible method to offer back to the network and help these children feel significant. Recovery comes in numerous structures however its primary objective is to reestablish the positive qualities in an individual and forestall routine culpable. These focuses can give scholarly and professional instruction, treatment programsâ that address vicious and criminal conduct, sex guilty party conduct, substance misuse, emotional wellness projects, and clinical consideration while keeping up a sheltered and secure condition gainful to learning. Projects, for example, these could decrease institutional savagery and future criminal conduct by showing hostile to criminal mentalities and giving individual aptitudes to young people. With all that stated, a few people contend that discipline is vital and ought to remain the fundamental focal point of the adolescent equity framework. Discipline advocates express that our childhood see directly from wrong and ought to be rebuffed for their activities. I feel that what these promoters don't understand is the thing that these children a re confronting when they are bolted up. The conditions that will live in while they carry out the time on their punishment may really transform them for the more awful. Possibly if these promoters went through a day or seven days living the manner in which an imprisoned adolescent does their assessments would change drastically. A contention against restoration is that adolescent recovery is extraordinary for every person. What attempts to treat one child probably won't work for another. It makes it harder to treat every adolescent and get positive outcomes. With each new passage into the framework, the odds of recovery for each child diminishes. That shouldn’t imply that everybody surrenders expectation and bolts up every reprobate until they believe they have been rebuffed long enough. What this shows is that more assets and time ought to be invested into recovery amounts of energy. Making offices that have some expertise in various territories and putting these adolescents where they believe they will flourish is required. In the event that it doesn’t work, the data that they have found out about that reprobate ought to be sufficient to send them to another office where they will get the best possible administrations. Before a kid turns three years of age the state is answerable for all lear ning handicaps. It is the activity of the state to assess that kid and offer types of assistance to enable that kid to meet their achievements. When the kid turns three years of age the educational system in the state gets liable for the learning advancement of that kid. The educational system will assess and put the kid into a school that will work to improve the abilities of this youngster. On the off chance that there are no upgrades, the kid will get another assessment and changes in arrangement will be made. This procedure proceeds until the youngster is getting the specific learning condition that they need. I know the entirety of this from individual involvement in my child. These equivalent endeavors ought to be utilized for adolescents heading in the wrongâ direction. They are the eventual fate of America and with youth capture rates previously diminishing, there is an opportunity for a more secure future for many individuals. Discipline can drive an individual crazy and angry. A youngster is typically given alerts that in the event that they proceed with certain conduct they will wind up in â€Å"time out† or have certain toys or gadgets removed. When they go through every conceivable notice that punis

Academic Performance and Personal Growth and Development Essay

Scholastic Performance and Personal Growth and Development - Essay Example The reason and objective of any instructive organization are to present and introduce a lot of information and aptitudes to the understudies and along with the guardians or potentially gatekeepers go about as the caretakers of self-awareness through finding and sustaining gifts. Given training establishments will have understudies from all monetary, social and social partitions; understudies gifted in an unexpected way, with alternate points of view on the instruction and learning frameworks and with various post-school goals, and it’s crafted by the foundation and pertinent partners (Joyce, 2011) to coordinate these attributes to assist them with accomplishing most extreme in school life. These understudies may unequivocally as well as certainly delineate or exhibit their characteristics in that some are genuinely dynamic in both the scholarly and additional educational plan exercises while others might be inactive in any of them or both (Rayner and Cools, 2011). This will in one manner or the other impact their scholarly exhibition and self-awareness and advancement both at the school and after school which is comparative however unique somewhat and this paper looks to differentiate the scholastic execution, authority/authoritative jobs and post-school lives of dynamic and uninvolved understudies. Aside from guaranteeing understudies subjectively comprehend the topic; foundations are additionally intrigued to guarantee that graduates can make great pioneers, an ascribed sustained inside the establishment. Dynamic understudies tend are engaged with influential positions to a more noteworthy degree than the detached understudies however relatively need authoritative aptitudes; a factor that can be ascribed to sanity and observations between these understudies (Scherer, 2010).

Investment Banking Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Investment Banking Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide Investing capital is a risky business, especially in this ever-changing business environment. In order to do it properly, companies often hire investment bankers or consultants to do it in their name. Not everyone can do this job, but there are a lot who can.Also, since it is the field of finance and business, there are a lot of schools that offer some kind of business and finance education.So, if you would like to get some kind of a business degree and find your way into the world of investment banking, you will need to stand out of the crowd and make yourself be noticeable by recruiters.The best way to do that is to have a resume that would present you in the best possible way. In order to make a good resume, you will have to do some research, see what skills are important for investment banking jobs, compare those skills to skills you have and see if you meet the criteria.But, apart from that, you should also include a lot of other things in your resume, while making sure it is no t too long.All of that could be a very tricky business. So, we are here to help you by offering our career advice that could help you find the right resume objective and achieve your goal of getting that job as an investment banker.Before we begin with the general guide for writing the perfect Investment banking resume, we are going to present some samples of the great investment banking resume.After that, we are going to focus on explaining what are the most important investment banking resume parts and what information should go in each part. Some general tips about job applications will also be included.If, after all that, you still feel overwhelmed and think you are not able to write your own resume, feel free to use our resume template builder and you will be able to make your perfect investment banking resume in one moment.Without any further due, let’s start with our guide, by showing some investment banking resume samples. Strap in and let’s begin!Investment Officer Resu me Example Right Investment Associate Resume Example Right Create your own resumeWRITING PERSONAL INFORMATION IN INVESTMENT BANKING RESUMEEvery resume should begin the same, with some personal information.The way you write this section will determine whether you will leave a good first impression on recruiters. In this section, you should write basic stuff, like your name, phone, email and some additional information we will talk about.Resumes shouldn’t be too long. So, when writing your resume, you will need to separate good information from ban information. Therefore, some personal information will have to be excluded, which is perfectly fine.Let’s see what is the most important personal information you should share in your investment banking resume.Full nameJust like when you are meeting someone for the first time, it is polite to state your name. Since a resume is our business card, it is fitting to start writing it by sharing your full name.The reason we say “full name” is because your resume should look professional, in order to attract more attention from recruiters.Sharing your nicknames is not a good idea if you want to succeed and have a good resume. Let’s take a look at a practical example down below.Hilda Beyers RightHilda “Nanny” Beyers WrongProfessionNow that recruiters are aware of your full name, you should share your previously held title, so they could get the initial picture of your potential experience.If you are a fresh graduate without any practical experience, you can put your highest education title, for instance, MSc in Business Finance.PhotoMost investment banking companies will not ask you to share your photo in your resume, but there is no reason not to do it.By sharing a photo, you make it easier for recruiters to recognize you if you get invited to an interview, which is especially important for big companies, with lots of potential candidates.However, not just any photo will do the trick. The photo you put in a resume should look professional, so don’t put a random Face book photo in a bikini or in a coffee shop, drinking coffee with friends.Get some nice haircut, dress well and take some nice photos for business purposes.Phone numberOne of the very usual ways of communication is via phones. So, sharing your phone number, more precisely nowadays, mobile phone number, is practically a must.Recruiters usually like to call potential candidates, ask them a few questions and get a clearer picture of whether they might be worthy for the job or not.Also, emails can often have some problems, so it is better to have an alternative way of communication, in case you need to contact the company or they need to contact you.AddressSharing your home address in your resume is mostly not needed, but why simply not do it? It can benefit you a lot. If you are far away from the workplace, you could get paid transport or simply get a higher salary so you could pay for transportation.Also, big companies with daughter firms in different towns or countries can use this in formation to put their employees closer to their homes.E-Mail AddressNowadays, email is necessary for most job applications, so it is practically impossible to write a good resume without sharing your email address.However, you shouldn’t share your random email addresses, such as the one in the example below.Instead, create a new one that will be used just for business. It should contain your full name or a bit shorter version of it if your full name is too big.However, never put any nicknames and randomly generated emails in your resume, because it would look unprofessional. Just follow the example below and you will have no problems.hildabeyers@gmail.com Rightnannyhilda@gmail.com WrongSocial media profilesSocial media platforms have become so popular nowadays, that you can do almost everything and find almost anything there.You are in the USA and you want something from China, which cannot be found on any online store. You can do that via social media. You can meet people from all around the world and so much other stuff.Companies can advertise themselves on social media platforms and try to get more customers by utilizing new kinds of marketing strategies via digital marketing. There are simply no clear restrictions on what you can do.Therefore, a large number of people tend to share their social media profiles on their resumes. It is not something which is required, but there is no harm to do it if you do it properly.And by doing it properly, we mean making your social media profiles look professional enough. You are free to choose whether you want to share your Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc. However, one social media platform we definitely suggest to share is LinkedIn.This is especially important for investment banking resumes. LinkedIn allows you to connect to very important people, so you could meet some very important clients and open new possibilities for yourself. Before you do it though, make sure to edit your LinkedIn profile link to look a bit more professional, just as shown in the table below.linkedin.com/hilda-beyers Rightlinkedin.com/hilda-beyers-2x5847965 WrongWRITING INVESTMENT BANKING RESUME SUMMARYEven though resumes should be short, up to one of max two pages in length, it is a good idea to write a small section dedicated to summarizing everything that is said in your resume.So, let’s find out how to write an investment banking resume career summary.You should keep resume summary short, but still informative enough to interest recruiters. Write the most important information about your experience, skills, and accomplishments.Let’s take a look at another example.SummaryInvestment Officer with over 5 years of experience in the field of investment banking. Capable of increasing companies’ profits by finding and closing excellent investing deals and opportunities. Comes with perfect knowledge of the banking system and financial instruments. Great negotiating and teamwork skills. RightSummaryInvestment O fficer with over 5 years of experience. WrongAs you can see, one of these summaries is very informative and yet short enough, while the other is simply bland and empty.It doesn’t say almost anything useful, while another summary gives a lot of useful information about the job applicant.THE BEST WAY TO INCLUDE YOUR EXPERIENCE IN INVESTMENT BANKING RESUMEWhen it comes to writing the experience section of your investment banking resume, you should use the reverse-chronological order to write all your previous and current jobs.That means is that first you need to write the job you have now or the one you had quit before applying for a new job. And finish with your first job.Apart from that, it would be a good idea to write something about each job, like for instance, your responsibilities, skills you might’ve used and some achievements if you had some.All that could help to create a bigger picture of your personality and help recruiters decide whether you are fitting for the job th ey offer or not. Right WrongWRITING SOMETHING ABOUT YOUR EDUCATION IN INVESTMENT BANKING RESUMEWriting the education section is completely the same as writing the experience section. You should start by stating your latest completed or in progress education and finish with earlier ones.However, there is no need to state every school you had ever attended, especially if you are a highly experienced person.Apart from that, make sure to include some information about each school, what you did, your grades if they were good, some possible achievements, etc. Let’s take a look at the example to make it clearer. Right WrongSKILLS TO WRITE IN INVESTMENT BANKING RESUMEOne thing to remember when writing something about your skills in your resume is not to write every skill you have.Yes, it is a good thing if you have a lot of skills in multiple areas, big clap for you, but putting everything in your resume would just add unimportant information and make your resume bigger without reason.Therefore, make sure just to include skills that are and might be important for the job you are applying for. That way, you will increase your chances of getting the job you want.Also, as shown in the example, try to separate skills into categories, by using bulleting lists.It would make the whole list easier to read and would allow recruiters to easily compare the skills you have with the skills they need. Right WrongTIPS TRICKS THAT DOUBLE YOUR CHANCES!That was it about the general guide on how to write a perfect investment banking resume.However, we are not done yet.There are a few more things to consider when writing a job application, which we want to cover as well, to make it easier for you when you decide to apply for an investment banking job.Selecting the right font style â€" when it comes to choosing a font for your resume, you really want to make your resume look professional and easy to read, so you shouldn’t pick any handwritten font styles, because they are a bit hard to read, so recruiters could have a hard time. Just pick one of the normal fonts, that represents your personality.Resume size â€" a lot of rookies, and even some experienced people tend to make the same mistake and write their resume on several pages. A resume is called that for a reason. It’s a “resume” of your life, experience, skills, and education so it shouldn’t be too big. The optimal size for a resume is one or two pages, no more. Just make sure to include everything that could be important and help you get the job you want.Resume template â€" there are a lot of online resume templates out there to choose from. If you are a busy person, you should select an already premade template. Try to find that would fit the job position you are applying for and your personality. However, it would be best to create your own template if you are not too lazy to do it. Also, we have to offer you our resume template builder, to spare you the trouble of trying to find templates online. Simply click on the link, fill in the template we made for you and you will have your perfect investment banking resume in no time.Checking emails â€" emails tend to be a bit buggy from time to time, so it is a good idea to check your emails on a regular basis when you apply for a job. Emails tend to get lost in the spam folder, which would be very bad for you if you don’t check it regularly. You might mi ss the message from the company and miss your interview. So, make sure to check your inbox, as well as the spam folder.Returning to the resume â€" did you finish writing your resume? Yes? Great! Now read it again. Make sure to pretend to be a recruiter and try to see if you had included everything important in your resume. This is a good way to perform a self-check and correct your own mistakes, thus polishing your investment banking resume.Shall I state my political views? â€" sometimes sharing your political views can benefit you, especially if higher-ranking people from the company you want to apply for share the same political opinion. However, you can never know what their opinion is, until they reveal it, so it is safer not to state your political opinion in your resume.Don’t make grammar mistakes â€" no one wants to see typos in a resume. Make sure to check your grammar every time you write or edit your resume, in order to avoid the shame of having a lot of typos in it. Tha t would make you look unprofessional and lessen your chances of getting the job you want.Edit your resume â€" whenever you acquire new skills and knowledge, you should update your resume with that information. That way you will always be ready to send job application if a nice one pops up.CONCLUSIONToday we’ve learned how to write a well-organized and targeted resume for investment banking.We’ve covered some of the most important things regarding what information should and shouldn’t be included in each part of the resume.Since now you know how to make a perfect investment banking resume, go ahead and try it for yourself. A good job in finance won’t wait too long, so get to work! Create your own resume

Importance Of Job Advertisements - 799 Words

While exploring job advertisements, I ran over a position in which I was keen on applying to. This local organization is looking for a Customer Service representatives and I feel that with my past experience I would be an incredible fit. Be that as it may, I have to make my application stand out against the other applicants. I need to stand out from every other candidate and make certain that somebody in the management team truly gets an opportunity to see my abilities and think about me for the position. Currently, the quick pace of business an ever increasing. Now, most bosses are relying on email messages as the primary type of correspondence. So even if I do not have contact information, in the event that I truly need to seek after†¦show more content†¦The subject line should also be clear. If I were sending this email to the hiring manager, I would include the referenced job ID and name. I would also capitalize the entire subject line to make it more enticing. I made the decision to address the job title as well as the job reference number to ensure they knew precisely what position I was keen on. In the primary sentence of the email I demonstrated the motivation behind the email quickly by being affable and telling them that assessing my appended resume would be enormously refreshing. I didnt inquire as to whether or not they had room or the schedule for an interview. However, I did let the hiring manager know that an interview is what I desire. The second piece of th e email was a concise portrayal and pitching point about myself to tell them why I believed I was fit for the position and also what I could do to enable their organization to succeed, not only how might this benefit me, but rather how might this benefit them. In spite of the fact that it was brief and may have to a few people sounding somewhat forceful, to some it might demonstrate certainty. This is what I was shooting for. In the third part I quickly let the hiring manager know my contact information for the employment opportunity. This demonstrates to them that I am exceptionally keen on the position and willing to make the following stride conceivable. Likewise, I am certain that references will be normal at some point orShow MoreRelatedHow The Advertisement Is Promoting Its Magic Eraser Product1464 Words   |  6 PagesDo the job that matters to you†¦ Our group has decided to choose a print advertisement from 2011 which we found on the Internet while searching for the perfect advertisement to bust. The Mr. Clean ad is promoting its’ magic eraser product. The advertisement captures an image of a mother and daughter scrubbing the shower with the product, depicting the tradition role of mother (wife) and daughter. 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Why Do You Need Continuous Learning at Work

Continuous learning has been a popular buzz phrase for a long time, decades in fact. Theres a reason for that. Its a good idea to keep learning at work, no matter who you are or what you do. Why? Whats in it for you? If you dont stand to gain everything, you’re not in the right place. Trying to teach someone to do a job they don’t enjoy doesnt work. It makes for an unhappy employee and a poorly-done job. Take control of your happiness. It’s yours, after all. Figure out which job is right for you, and learn how to do it. The more you learn at work, the more valuable you are to your employer and the more likely you are to be promoted. Be Curious What do you wonder about? Do you wish you knew how a certain process works or what might happen if you changed the process? Be curious. Look around and wonder — about anything, about everything, and then go find out. Curiosity is one of the foundation blocks of learning, no matter how old you are. So is critical thinking, and thats what were asking you to do here. Critical thinkers ask questions, they seek answers, analyze what they find with an open mind, and look for solutions. When you do those things, you will learn, and you become far more valuable to your employer. If you dont become more valuable, thats important information. You are probably in the wrong job! Constant Learning If your supervisor doesn’t recognize the great potential just waiting to leap out of you, draw a picture for him or her. Create your own development plan and discuss it with your supervisor. Your development plan should include: Your specific goals (make them SMART goals so theyre well thought out)The knowledge and skills you need to develop to reach those goalsRequired activities associated with your goalsResources needed to complete your goalsObstacles to overcomeBenefits to the companyExpected completion date Request assistance in whatever form is available at your job. This may include time during work to learn, tuition reimbursement, a mentor. Mentor Others We sometimes forget how much we know. It’s called unconscious knowing. We know it so well that we do it automatically. If you look around, there are probably people coming up behind you for whom it’s not so automatic. Give them a hand. Teach them what you know. Be a mentor. It might just be one of the most fulfilling things you ever do. Think Positively One of the most important things you can do, if you do nothing else, is to have a positive frame of mind. When you think about what you can do instead of what you cant do, when you stand up for what you believe in instead of railing against what you dont like, you are far more powerful. Positive thinking works.

Essay the Matrix Free Essays

The Matrix Plato believed that the world as we see it, is not real but a more illusion, a copy of the real world to be more precise. Take for example if you look at rose or at a woman and you think they are both beautiful, that’s manifesting herself in those object, so the idea in this case pure beauty. So according to plato we are not really living in the real world, when we look at a rose or at a woman we are only seeing at a copy of real beauty. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay the Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now So when plato wrote about the cave, he said that man is chained in such a manner that they face only the shadows of anything that is passing by outside the cave. Because the man has only seen these shadows, he will take it as the real things. So if the man sees the shadow of a tree, because that’s the only thing he has seen he will think it’s a real tree. The only way to become unchained Plato thought, was to begin to see the real nature of things through the mind’s eye. But Plato belived that no one could be taught, they had to see reality for themselves, at most they could only be directed by people who had already been there. Plato continues that when someone sees the real world for the first time, it will be to bright for the person and will be confused, but only after spending some time his mind like the eyes will adjust to the light. In the movie this is more or less what happens to Neo, he is trapped in an illusion, he thinks it’s real because that’s the only thing he has seen. He cannot be told what the matrix is he has to see it for himself, when he first sees it he cannot believe it, but eventually accepts it, and so forth. Both Plato’s Cave and the Matrix play with the question are we awake? Both contend that humanity is asleep. Both Plato and the Matrix contend that given everyday world is illusionary. Plato because for him the real world are the form beyond the senses and everyday experience are just shadows on the cave wall. The Matrix presents an substratum a real world open rationing underground. And The prisoner who lives the cave, comes into the sun and their eyes are blinded by the light. The same can be seen when neo first came out of the matrix and said my eyes. I can’t see. Another of the similitaries is that in the Cave is some Light, the fire which cast the shadows of the puppets on the walls. This Light can be seen as an small aspect of the sun, small aspect of the Truth. It can be said, that there is Truth beyond the illusion, as its source is the Light. The same in the Matrix, the source of the Matrix is in the real world, only difference is that people are the Light of the matrix since they created it. And was told that’s because you have never used them before. Another similitaries is that in the Cave the prisoners never used their eyes truly, they were always in the darkness where they could not see behind themselves to see what was the source of the shadows, in fact their eyes were only adjusted/conditioned to the dimness of the Cave to the degree that when one of the prisoners left the cave and saw the outside their eyes were blinded, having never seen it before, or in the matrix having never used their eyes before. The other diference are that Matrix is more political than mystical as in Plato vision. The philosophical view of the nature of reality as seen in the matrix and the allegory of the cave are the Artificial Intelligence machines are the puppeteers, tricking the humans into believing the Matrix is actual reality. The humans that are imprisoned in the Matrix are like the prisoners in the cave. Neo is the prisoner that is freed from the cave into the true reality of the world. The Matrix is the cave, the real world is existence outside the cave. If i compare these views Descartes poses the question of how he can know with certainty that the world he experiences is not an illusion being forced upon him by an evil demon. He reasons since he believes in what he sees and feels while dreaming, he cannot trust his senses to tell him that he is not still dreaming. His senses cannot provide him with proof that the world even exists. Descartes’ evil demon is vividly realized in the Matrix films as the artificial intelligence that forces a virtual reality on humans. Just as Descartes realized that the sensations in his dreams were vivid enough to convince him the dreams were real, the humans who are plugged into the Matrix have no idea that their sensations are false, created artificially instead of arising from actual experiences. Until Neo is yanked from the Matrix, he, too, has no idea that his life is a virtual reality. Like Descartes, Neo eventually knows to take nothing at face value, and to question the existence of even those things, such as chairs, that seem most real. I think that the scenario that is shown in The matrix Could’t happen. because there cant be transported from one world to another through the phone, and cant be alive in two equal bodies in two places are just illucions that in real life can not pass never. How to cite Essay the Matrix, Essay examples

The Relationship Between Unit Production Time And Cumulative Number Of Units Essay Sample free essay sample

Harmonizing to Chase. Jacobs. and Aquilano ( 2006 ) . a learning curve is a line exposing the relationship between unit production clip and cumulative figure of units produced ( p. 135 ) . Any concern environment on single or organisational degree can profit from utilizing the acquisition curve. Additionally. â€Å"learning curve theory is based on three premises: 1. The sum of clip required to finish a given undertaking or unit of a merchandise will be less each clip the undertaking is undertaken. 2. The unit clip will diminish at a diminishing rate. 3. The decrease in clip will follow a predictable pattern† ( Chase. Jacobs. Aquilano. 2006. p. 135 ) . Pizza Store Layout Simulation The way to a successful and moneymaking concern involves happening the right expression that would cipher how to diminish losingss and maximise gross revenues. Mario’s Pizzeria shop layout simulation required the category to take a place of a eating house director and make up ones mind how to increase current profitableness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Unit Production Time And Cumulative Number Of Units Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 3rd premise of the acquisition curve. â€Å"the decrease in clip will follow a predictable form ( Chase. Jacobs. Aquilano. 2006. p. 135 ) . applies to this hebdomads assignment the most. A director should ever see operational features such as the line length. the figure of clients in the eating house. the waiting clip spent in the line. the entire clip spent in the eating house. and the service installation use ( University of Phoenix. 2002 ) . Performance Prosodies| |Groups |Groups |Balked 2/4 |Avg. delay |Avg. queue |Profit |Lost gross revenues | | |of 2 |of 4 | | | | | | |Week 1-2 |71 |105 |2/38 |11. 64 |3. 13 | $ 1. 033 | $ 1. 170 | |Week 3-4 |70 |106 |6/14 |5. 99 |2. 55 | $ 1. 498 | $ 510 | |Week 5-6 |70 |106 |6/11 |4. 52 |2. 53 | $ 1. 571 | $ 420 | |Week 7-8 |96 |143 |9/18 |3. 49 |2. 84 | $ 2. 050 | $ 675 | Table 1. Simulation ConsequencesTable One with the simulation consequences from Mario’s Pizzeria scenario shows how with clip operational determinations influence the key prosodies: delay clip. queue length. net income. and lost gross revenues. Week Three-Four. The simulations required make up ones minding how many tabular arraies for the groups of two and four. the wait staff. and the kitchen staff Mario’s Pizza needs so it would halt losing clients. diminish the delay clip. and increase the net income. Originally the eating house had 14 tabular arraies for four and no tabular arraies for two. and the figure of balked clients consisted of the groups of four. By altering the distribution of tabular arraies and set uping precedency regulation the eating house reduced the delay clip in half and enjoyed a $ 1. 498 net income. However. the eating house still was lost 20 groups. as they could non wait 5. 99 proceedingss. and the eating house lost possible $ 510 in gross reve nues. Week Five-Six. Next the Mario’s Pizzeria manual oven broke down. and the director has a obvious chance to increase productiveness of the kitchen by buying the Plax ovens. In add-on to one Plax ovens. the director decided so purchase one Menu Point system. which should diminish the delay clip. As a consequence. the delay clip and the waiting line length have been reduced significantly. The net incomes increased. while the lost gross revenues decreased. Week Seven-Eight. The eating house director is now must do a determination how to turn to the increasing figure of clients. He can either lease the bakeshop following door Cream Puffs or set up a Take Out counter. The director made the most profitable pick and rented the bakeshop following door. Although the delay clip significantly decreased. and the net incomes jumped up to $ 2. 050. the eating house lost 36 groups. which translates into $ 675 in gross revenues. Alternate Procedure. When analysing the public presentation informations and the eating house capacity it is evident that there is room for farther betterment. When Mario’s Pizzeria rented next-door Cream whiff it had to increase the fig ure of the wait staff. kitchen staff. and purchase another Plax oven. Use of the last two constituents is merely at 58. 33 % . by opening a Return Out counter the eating house will take advantage of the unutilized potency of the kitchen staff and the oven which will ensue in increased gross revenues. and perchance cut down the figure of the doomed clients. Decision The Mario’s Pizzeria simulation demonstrated the acquisition curve theory that was conducted over the eight-week period. The Numberss in Table One illustrate how the acquisition curve affects to the Mario’s Pizzeria layout reorganisation. One must retrieve that pull offing delay lines. is non about shorter or longer waiting lines. but about keeping a balance between the demand for service and the capacity of the system to supply service ( University of Phoenix. 2002 ) . Mentions Chase. R. B. . Jacobs. F. R. . A ; Aquilano. N. J. ( 2006 ) . Operations Management for Competitive Advantage ( 11th ed. ) . New York. New york: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. University of Phoenix. ( 2002 ) . Process Control and Problem Solving [ Multimedia ] . Retrieved from University of Phoenix. OPS571- Operations Management web site.

Does the idea of national cinema still have relevance in the age of globalization

Introduction A national cinema entails films that are produced within a nation state, and have always been used to portray the culture of the particular nation. The understanding of most films, always have one or more protagonist, and this protagonist seek adventure, redemption or escape (Klinger 1997, p. 2). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Does the idea of national cinema still have relevance in the age of globalization? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most nation cinemas are associated with the culture embedded in the people, however modern films show how globalization has affected people’s culture (Wood2007 p. 3). The great depression really affected the movie industry in Hong Kong; national cinema fans asked major producers and directors in the movie industry to come up with something different, new and unique. The founding fathers of Hong Kong cinemas were created by the Shu Tong in 1922, Nanook of the North. This included traveling to foreign places and taking pictures, and recording what was to be unknown by most people (Hugo 1986, p.70). In the early film years, national cinema movies were about discovery of new lands and expansion of the land scope. However, today it show movies are defined by the identity crisis of the protagonist and how they restructure themselves. The film ‘police story’ a Hong Kong film produced in 1985, starring Jackie Chan is a martial art action movie was a success across East Asia and when it was translated to English it received a rating of 83%. The martial art stunts by Jackie Chan appealed to many foreign viewers. Martial art is a known art across Asia and is part of the culture (Morrison 2009, p.2) The whole attitude of the movie is complex because it starts out with no plot and the protagonist is set to bring out a certain theme (Schweingruber 2005, p.3). The film writers in Hong Kong movies often embed the people’s cultur e, their lifestyle and livelihood. In the age of globalization, movies writers are approaching a system of blending the modern with ancient tradition. For example in the film, Jackie Chan holds the ancient ways of martial art, but is in a modern setting with subways and cars. This is police story was one of the great Hong Kong movies, that end up representing the whole plot in a fusion that the feelings are actually felt by the audience (Hugo 1986, p.68). This film carries a lot of experimental and does not follow the contemporary arts of filmmaking. Chan is acknowledging for daring to explore in these movie and the unique set ups placed in the movie. Directors in modern movies in Hong Kong have embraced road trip movies, all which seem to carry on the same theme and patronage (Klinger 1997, p.12). The theory of a road movie before was put up in a set up where pictures were borrowed and background scenes. Today, the directors trace round the world in order to shoot a film in a dive rse setting (Warshow 1970, p. 37).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The road trips movies bring out the dysfunctionality of a setting, and when the protagonist want to change setting, there is even more chaos where they are heading (Kubrick1993 p. 40). The road movies were a borrowed strategy from an American film ‘Easy ride† shot back in the 1900’s that captured a different film approach. The Hong Kong films certainly were a captive to the audience, because of the introduction of the unknown (Hill1996, p. 70). Producer of these films have discovered this as a formula to capture more viewers to the unknown designation. More road movies are still in production in Hong Kong, and these movies are quite captivating. Hong Kong film ideology The Hong Kong ideology constitutes that talented and hard working citizens can get ahead, and the system is dependent on a syste m of cultures to provide opportunities and explain failures (Weber2001, p. 31). Dreams contain what we know, what we want, what we think we can and cannot have and what we imagine is possible (Weber 2001, p.32). Dreams tell us a lot about people, they can tell us when people fell free in their minds, or when feeling controlled and contained. Movie producers trying to convey the Hong Kong society have used the film metaphors, Davis (2001) also talks about the right to have an opportunity to fulfill our God-given talent (256). The society is supposed to be the place of opportunity to all and a place that makes the Hong Kong ideology possible (Weber 2001, p.32). Weber (2001) notes that Hong Kong films have being portrayed in various components by Hollywood and they include (p.31); one a local setting in a remote village, the second involves a stream of anarchy as the rule in town.Hollywood has always portrayed Asian films as a martial action film that involves a lot of Kung Fu and Tae- kwo-ndo. The women appear to be also part of the action and despite submission can equally perform all forms of art. Holly wood has portrayed a rule in Asian movies, where there is the belief of political democracy and not economic democracy. This constitutes the belief of social and political democracy but economic inequality (Weber 2001, p.34). However, some producers have come up with certain films, that has declares the truth and sanitize Hollywood’s perception. This films shows that the Hong Kong ideology is not all one needs to succeed but there are other factors put in place that lead to success and achievement. With strong backing from the culture system, for example shows the ideology needs reproduction .Charyn (1996) believes the Hong kong ideology is believable only if it emerges when ordinary people act out the stories daily (p.35).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Does the idea of national cinema still have relevance in the age of globalizat ion? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hong Kong cinema system Jennifer Hochschild notes the Hong Kong films in the global era has four components which entail; one is equality of opportunity, where all producers can pursue money, property and social resources (Archer and Hubbard, 1996) secondly, resonate anticicipation where every film producer availed with equal opportunity and resources anticipates to be financially successful (p.4).Thirdly, individual responsibility for success with successful people is seeing as responsible for their own success. Democratic capitalism is based on a paradox, where there is the belief of political democracy and not economic democracy. This constitutes the belief of social and political democracy but economic inequality (Weber 2001, p.31). Therefore, the Hong Kong films today in short provide a powerful explanation for the fundamental explanation for the contradiction of democratic capitalism. This s hows the dream ideology is not all one needs to succeed but there are other factors put in place that lead to success and achievement. With strong backing from the culture system, the Hong kong films ideology needs reproduction, because not only does it promote images of inferiority of some groups but also promotes equal damaging constructions that others are superiors (Weber 2001, p.33). Ideologies are believable only if they emerge when ordinary people act out the stories daily. The writer in police story is convicting in his arguments because, of all the underlying examples given such as Jackie Chan. We see that despite Jackie Chan’s production talent it took other factors to see through his achievements (Weber 2001, p.34). The Hong Kong ideology is indeed just a belief, but people still believe in it and prefer to point fingers at others in denial instead of realizing new systems are taking over. Critical questions to be asked as observed by Carson (1969)include; why in the Hong Kong society filming is taken in as a cultured system? Is the Hong Kong ideology in the film industry just a dream? And lastly, is education the cornerstone of the Hong Kong industry (p.25). Possible approach practices to develop Hong Kong cinema Hong Kong filmdevelopment comes out as a strong approach that will come up with strategies that will enable the industry community to have self-development to not only improve the quality of the films but also see through international markets (Schweingruber 2005, p.3). The following are the listed approaches that will implement the proposed developmentAdvertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conscious rising: this is making aware through information to the Hon Kong films on certain issues, with the intention of the audience to link the information with them. Here a lot of dialogue is undertaken, cross producers meet and share experiences on the film production. This will encourage them and raise awareness to the other people of its effects. Activities carried out here could involve going putting up posters, calling for press briefings in public places, going to several institutions to lecture about the upcoming films.. (Binet 2006, p.23) Campaigning: the second practice will be to embrace campaigns, in order to reach as many people at a go. The campaigns will take shape in that, they will be positive campaigns, presenting a message that is transmitted to the public as an awareness to them. Lastly, it will take a neutral standing where the message will not be directed to anyone in particular. Some of the activities that are going to take place during the campaigns includ e, free concerts to attract as much attention as possible, door to door campaigns, putting up of posters and fliers and lastly inviting idols in the society to come and address the audience during the campaign since it will attract a large crowd hence many people will get to be educated about the films (Warshow 1970, p.37). Capacity building: in simple terms can be said to be a process in which the film producers increases their competence to be better producers in the cinema industry. This involves changing the structuring, the behavior and perception of a national cinema by most people (Charyn 1996 p.304); and importantly identifying, assets and capacities at hand, particularly those that are easily acquired or in born talent which is free to all. If the Hong Kong producers choose to sell their films to international markets, a blend of culture would be more appealing to the foreign eye. For a long time the Hong Kong film producers have taken to only embed in their culture; but t imes have changed and filming have a global audience. The multicultural world of today, is viewed as a very important factor in the film arena, the various cultural heritages are very well represented with more organizations trying to comprehend and blend in the system (Charyn 1996, p.305). In order to create harmony between these cultures a lot of review has been done on the Hong Kong films with companies encouraging teams to comprise with the many races and cultural background members. Cultural noise being the factors that undermine the communication of the intended meaning such as attitude, social organization and roles played by the organization. Language is been worked upon to improve communication for the betterment of the film making (Kubrick 1999 p.35). In effort to make communication between members effective, the one speaking has to ensure that the one receiving on the other end understands fully what message is being put across but sometimes this process is incomplete due to cultural noise and the following cultural differences have been identified to cause conflicts. The direct versus the indirect communication is one of the issues that could bring non-cooperation among team members where you find in one culture being direct and to the point is the way to address issues in a team (Klinger 1997,p.12). For example, the Americans take a direct approach whenever they are raising certain issues pending to be solved whereas the Chinese tend to take an indirect approach in term of communication whenever they want to raise issues that concern them. Trouble with accents and fluency could also be problematic to team members because it does not bring one to fully express themselves in circumstances where they need to be clear and to the point. The Latin Americans for example, when trading in English their sentences always seem to imply on as a request instead of a question. This could also be problematic to a team because you find the team members fluent in s peech tend to take the lead and undermine the other team members who are not so fluent despite the fact that they are a team. Differing attitudes towards hierarchy in the Hong Kong film industry also encourage a lot of misunderstanding where a team could find difficulty in one issue or another and may want to consult from top level management on the way forward, but the way they do this could differ for example, the Americans will go direct to their senior for advise whereas the Chinese have a protocol to follow (Charyn 1996 p.306). Conflicting decision-making norms play a major role on the working relationship of the team where parties involved could disagree on the basis of decision making the Americans on finding Solutions tend to make decisions there and then while the Chinese feel that the decision should be made on after the organization has sat and discussed it over. The directors in the film industry having seen these problems has to present various ways and strategies to ta ckle with the multiracial challenge enabling employees to work together despite of their cultural backgrounds and Cook (2000) suggests the following: One is adaptation, whereby the director does not interfere with the differences of the team members and leaves them to solve their various problems in their own way allowing them to work out ways in which they form bases of working together (p.72). Structural intervention is whereby the manager of the project distributes the group members in a way they are fit to work with each other (p.86). This will prevent interpersonal friction between the group members because if the groups are not well aligned it could strengthen pre existing differences Where there is no form of agreement, the manager can choose to be the judge and overall in the decision-making, this is where teams leave the manager with various options, and he gets to choose, and this is without the team getting involved (p.94). And lastly, where the team members totally canno t come to terms on most issues, this could lead to the exit of one of the members in order to manage the functioning of the other team (115). Here, the team member can voluntarily leave or requested to leave for the purpose of the running of the team. It is usually a last result in order to manage the team and meet deadlines for assigned project but not mostly taken as an option. Evaluation of competencies starts with the film producer analysis,the ideas the director is able to offer to other untapped markets and what they can withdraw from the market to offer the best results (Hugo 1986 p.67). Analysing a director’s competencies goes on by looking at intangible resources like goodwill, reputation, motivation; and human resources like skills and flexibility of key films in Hong Kong. Conclusion People should focus on areas where the industry has strengths and in order to expect creative returns and notable change .a good director should know it is cost effective to outsource areas where they seem to be weaker, and that it is better to seek external advice rather than want to make blind decisions. References Archer, J., Hubbard, S.,1996.Integrated tracking for integrated communications. London: Warc ltd. Binet, L.,2006.Fifteen ways not to evaluate your communication. ADMAP, 469, pp. 32-34. Carson, K. M., 1969. Easy rider a very American thing. Evergreen review, 13, pp.24-27. Cook, D., 2000.Lost illusion: American cinema in the shadow of Watergate and Vietnam. Berkley:University of California Press. Charyn, J.,1989. Movieland: Hollywood and the great American dream culture. New York,Putnam. Davis, R. L., 2001.Hollywood beauty: Linda Darnell and the American dream. New York, University of the Oklahoma Press. Hill, L., 1996.Easy rider. London,British Film Institute. Hugo, C., 1986. Easy rider and Hollywood in the 70’s. Movie,31/32, pp. 67-71. Klinger, B., 1997.The road to Dystopia. New York, Routledge. Kubrick, S., 1999.The Auter cinema: directors an d directions in the Hollywood Renaissance. London, Routledge Falmer. Morrison, M., 2009.Communication in film learning: Matter of social justice. London: Library of Congress. Schweingruber, D., 2005.The sociological paradox: Definition from Newman’s sociology. New Orleans, Ilstate publishers. Warshow, P., 1969.Easy rider.Sight and sound.39(1), pp36-38 Weber, L., 2001.Understanding race, class, gender and sexuality: A conceptual framework. New York,McGraw Hill. Wood, J., 2007.100 road movies. London,British Film Institute. This essay on Does the idea of national cinema still have relevance in the age of globalization? was written and submitted by user Rebekah Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

When Words Collide

When Words Collide When Words Collide When Words Collide By Maeve Maddox This use of the verb collide in a newspaper article struck me as odd: One driver was able to stop short of hitting the child but her bike collided into another car. The verb collide is from Latin collidere, to strike or clash together. Its most common use is as an intransitive verb. Used without a prepositional phrase, collide signifies an action in which two moving objects strike one another: Two satellites collide in orbit Two NJ Transit buses collided in the Lincoln Tunnel this morning Two Thai F16 jets collided in mid-air and crashed Collide can also be used figuratively: Southern Politics and Personalities Collide in Old Globes Cornelia, What Happens When Political and Humanitarian Goals Collide? When the colliding objects are not of the same kind, or a contrast between them is desired, a prepositional phrase is employed: Fire Truck Collides With a Van birds collide with airplanes As sea floor spreads from the oceanic ridge, it eventually collides against the continental crust or plate. Insurance rates collide with credit scores Pakistani frigate collides against the dock Jeep collides against tree The prepositions with and against are used to introduce the other object in the collision. The use of with indicates that both objects were moving. The preposition against indicates that one of the objects was stationary. The following headline is redundant: 15 Injured after 2 Buses Collide against each other The OED entry includes a transitive use of collide, but calls it rare or obsolete. Changing technology may call this use back from obsolescence. Here are two recent examples of collide used transitively: I simply want to collide a sprite against the edges of the screen. The simulation has determined they are not moving fast enough to warrant colliding them against each other A Google search turns up millions of examples of collide into, but in most instances, the writer may have been reaching for crashed: RAF Tornados nearly collided into each  other What would happen if a planet collided into the sun? Woman who collided into train tested positive for cocaine Some writers use the word in mysterious ways. In the following examples collide seems to be standing in for combined or coalesced: Can tetanus, meningitis, and chicken pox shots be all collided into 1 shot? Our worlds collided into one chat room. Bottom line: If you find yourself placing into after collide, you may wish to reconsider your use of one of the two words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†1,462 Basic Plot Types

CAAP#5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CAAP#5 - Essay Example Scholars often question whether -since making money in order to survive amid the adversaries of life is the primary goal of a prostitute- prostitution would exist, if there is any other way left for them to make money. Presumably the instant response to this question is ‘no’, because selling one’s body to make money appears to be the last resort for a woman who is incapable of any decent job. Since the main problem of illegal prostitution is not the prostitution itself, legalization of prostitutions is supposed to help the reduction prostitution related crimes and delinquencies as the sex-trafficking along the border. Also in order to reduce the sex-trafficking, while legalizing prostitution, the government will have to grant legal import of the product of sexual consumption namely prostitutes, if the US society fails to provide enough supply of prostitutes to the local sex-market. This condition necessarily infers that even if prostitution is legalized, the probl ems will go on to exist. Moreover, legalization of prostitution may, on one hand, preserve the rights of the immigrant prostitutes, but it will violate the rights of the majority of women who are not prostitutes, unless those women are mentally prepared to share their male counterpart’s love and, if not love, sex. If it is granted that married males are legally prohibited to go to the brothels, the question that arises here is whether the US law enforcement agencies would be massive enough to impose the surveillance effectively. To a limited extent, legalization of prostitution would solve some particular problems but in return it will bring more problems that will be far beyond any solution. The primary goal of the CIR funded resource centers is to blur the socio-cultural lines of racial segregation and meanwhile provides the members with scopes to know each other by practical interactions between immigrants and the native born. From such steps of the governments, the whole society

Painful Shoulder Medical Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Painful Shoulder Medical Treatment - Case Study Example SH: The patient is a mother of two boys, the youngest being 7 years old. She is single and lives with the two boys and a younger sister. She is a business woman and travels to and from work daily on her motorcycle. She does not smoke or take alcohol.O/E: Looks stable and well oriented. She is however in pain but can walk in her own without support (Davies et al. 2011, p.6). She gives her own history,Head and Neck: NADTrunk: NADHands: slight bruising on the right palm. Patient was wearing riding gloves during the accident.  Right shoulder:Anterior Aspect:  Minimal swelling over the SC Joint, Clavicle, AC Joint and     Trapezius muscle, slight bruising with no obvious deformity, no visible wound.Bony tenderness noted over the SC Joint, Clavicle, AC Joint.  Ã‚  No bony tenderness over the Acromion Process, coracoid process, non - tender on deltoid muscle, pectoralis major and biceps muscleNerves: Regimental Badge Sign Tested-full sensation noted on deltoid muscle- Axillary, Br achial Plexus, Median, Ulnar and Radial nerve-sensation intact and compare to the left arm.Posterior Aspect:  No bruising or obvious deformity, no erythema or wound, skin intact compare to left shoulder.Slight Tenderness over the trapezius muscle, non-tender over the scapula, acromion process, Supraspinatus muscle, Infraspinatus muscle and Latissimus Muscle.Active Movement: Retraction-reduced and painful over the shoulderProtraction-reduced and painful over the shoulderElevation-reduced and painful over the shoulder

The Changing Status Of Indian Women

The Changing Status Of Indian Women Historiography went throughout massive changes in 20th century especially after Second World War. Political history was replaced and challenged by socio-cultural history which broadening perspective towards theoretical innovations and brought new fields into historiography, most notably gender history which brought to historiography in the form of women history. However gender studies is an independent discipline which brought fifty percent of the population into the focus of historical studies that was previously generally gender blind or simply masculine. Women history is the study of the role that women played in history which includes the growth of women rights as recorded in history and the examination of an individual woman of historical significance and the effects of historical events on women. Women history emerged as a independent disciplines in 1960s or 1970s because, the traditional historical writing have minimized and ignored the contribution of women and also the effec ts of historical events on women as a whole, in this respect, women history is often a from of historical revisionism seeking to challenge the traditional historical consensus. History was written mainly by men and about mens activities in public spheres politics, war and diplomacy and aministration.Women was usally mentioned or portrayed in stereotyped role such as mother, wives, daughter and mistress.  [1]   In Indian history we can get references about the role of women from the beginning of the Indus valley civilization, the first known civilization of India which said to have flourished in 25th century BC. As per historical evidences peoples of this valley worshiped natural forces and divine power were mostly feminine. Nature was often called by term mother. Mother goddess was the first worshiped deity in the Indus valley. Indus community was basically matriarchal so there was no existence of the gender discrimination. Men and women both were engaged in food gathering which was the main economic activity that reveals equal participation of both in daily economic life.  [2]   The essence of the Vedic period as reflected in Vedic literature like four Vedas namely Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharvam and their different branches like Brahmanas and Upanishads.The Early Vedic age which begins from 1500 B.C. and the post-Vedic age which extends from 1000 B.C. to 500 B.C. The word Veda primarily means knowledge, which virtually signifies sacred knowledge or scripture. During the Rig-Vedic or Early Vedic age that most of the hymns of the Rig-Veda were composed. It was in the later Vedic period that the Brahmanas, the three other Vedas and the Upanishads were composed.  [3]   During the Vedic era the patriarchal culture superseded the matriarchal culture and gender discrimination being introduced in the society, but the Rig-Veda reflect a stage where women enjoyed equal status of man and the Vedic sacrifices were jointly performed by both men and women.  [4]  But patriarchy never suppressed women rights and privileges. Girls were given education from 4th century BC. There were no references about child marriage in Rig-Vedic era.  [5]  If any girl wants to continue her education without marriage they were allowed to do so. There are two types of educated wise women were in Vedic period Brahmavadinis and Sadyodvahas. Many educated women became teacher in Vedic period they are called Upadhyayinis. Lopamudra was a famous women preacher who composed 179 hymns of Rig-Veda jointly with Agasthya. According to Dr Roy choudhury women not only composed hymns but were also well-versed in sacred texts. Women also learnt music and dancing  [6]  The Vedic pe oples were not conscious about gender power- politics and conflict at that time because Vedic society was then at a developing stage not in a complex mode. Widows remarriage was permitted in the Rig-Vedic society. Rig-Veda mentioned several hymns like the widow who lay on the pyre by the side of her dead husband was asked to come to the world of the living.  [7]  Rig-Veda also gave references about the freedom of women in Vedic society; they attended all religious festivals and fairs with their loved ones. The Aryans believed thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the wife and the husband being the equal halves of one substance were regarded equal in every respect and both took equal part in all duties, religious and social.  [8]  During Vedic age inter-caste marriage took place in the society. According to D.N Jha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in one case the father was a priest, the mother grinder of corn and the son a physician, all three lived happily together.  [9]   But the degradation of women status was started in the later Vedic period. We can get references about post Vedic society from the Brahmanas, Upanisads and the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Smriti writers Manu, Yajnavalkya began to favour seclusion of women. Social customs and tradition were reinforced by the law-givers which degraded the position of women and the gender discrimination has begun. Indian society was based on caste system where Brahmins are preoccupied the top most position. Where Jain and Buddhist religion tried their best to bring equality in the society there Brahminical religion began to enforce strict moral code for their followers. Patriarchal families became powerful during this period and restrict womens activities. They were looked down upon as a temptation and hindrance in their march towards higher development.  [10]   The child widow were forcedly live a life with full of restriction which marred them physically and mentally, and from the 1st century AD the law givers prohibited widow remarriage. The writer of Arthasastra kautilya considered women as a child bearing machine and encouraged pre-pubescent marriages which damaged child bride mentally and physically because she was not physically fit to conceive a child and the adolescent pregnancy carries higher risk due to toxaemia (Organic Blood Poisoning), Cephalo-pelvic disproportion* and uterine inertia (uterine inertia that occurs when the uterus fails to contract with sufficient force to effect continuous dilation or effacement of the cervix or descent or rotation of the fetal head, and when the uterus is easily indentable at the acme of contraction). Other disorders which affect children born to young mothers are CNS malformation (Central Nervous System) and CVS malformation which involves the cardiovascular system. The effects of physical hea lth also effects women self-confidence level. Now they were only capable of producing child and managing household affairs and their other socially useful activities prevailed. According to Romila Thapar Manu was felt that the inter-caste marriage would pollute the Aryan society. So à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to avoid pollution, you must control birthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but you lose control over birth, if you lose control over women  [11]  Manu also makes some provision for punishment of a woman by her husband if she makes any faults. She should be beaten by rope or by bamboo. Manu never sanctioned widow remarriage because she should remain faithful to her husbands memory but the widower could marry again. In Rig-Vedic times women was denied the right of inheritance. But Putrika could inherit her fathers wealth. The Niyoga system was encouraged where women was forced to marry her brother-in-law to safeguard property rights. In Vedic and post Vedic ages women married and unmarried daughter had some rights of inheritance but a widow, as well as wife, had no claim over her husbands property. Marriage became compulsory for Hindus. And the patriarchal system tended to keep the status of women at a low level, and the emergence of the joint family with special property rights for the male members reinforced male dominance.  [12]  The Rig-Vedic concept of Sahadharmini was replaced by Pativrata Dharma. This began a master- slave relationship between husband and wife. The right of choice of life partner was also taken away from woman. Manu in 2th century B.C insisted that women should always controlled by his male superior, in child age she must be controlled by her father, then after by his husband in her youth and in old age she must be controlled by his sons.  [13]   The Buddhist age witnessed a serious change in the status of Indian women. Gautama Buddha made the adoption of daughters valid which squashed the general belief that the birth of son was indispensible to attain salvation. Apart from this women were accepted as nun in the Buddhist monasteries. Admission of women into the monastic order secured for them a religious status and they played a vital role in propagating Buddhism. Buddha was allowed women to marry man of her choice and also gave the wife the right to inherit the husbands property. Buddhism also permitted divorce in some special cases. Buddhism also legalizing the right of unmarried daughter to the inherit fathers property in the absence of a son which provided women economic independence. Buddha also encouraged widow remarriage and finally in 12th century A.D the widows right of inheritance was recognize. Buddhism also gave prostitutes legal status by admitted them in Sanghas life, now they could live a life of alms-women. There were separate rules obviously discriminatory for men women who wanted to join the Buddhist Sanghas. In the annual Upostha Ceremony Buddhism also reveals the prejudice against women. Another discriminatory rule is mentioned in Sulla Vogga according to which the official admonition by an alms-woman is forbidden, whereas the official admonition of an alms woman by a monk is not forbidden.  [14]  Buddhism improved the status of at least a section of women who embraced that religion. The majority of women at that time lived in abject subordination, under the restraints imposed by Brahmanical religion. But the overall development in womens life and work soon eclipsed by the reassertion of Brahmanical religion. Buddhism never tried to abolish existing social order. The two main joint forces which degrade women position are joint family and caste system remained unalterable. Thats why some scholar has argued that the Buddhism was failed to understand the situation of woman from the angle of social justice. If justice were to be really done mere laws are not sufficient. It takes a total re-orientation in judicial thinking and attitude, if gender justice is to be doneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [15]   During the early medieval period the status women were gone lower and she was regarded equal status of Sudras. The smriti writers prohibited intercaste marriages. After Muslim invasion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Indian religion and social customs were faced with a system which was equally formulated and definite.  [16]  Which resulted caste system was became more rigid. Occupation now began to determine by birth. Now the lower society of Hindu castes was got an opportunity to assert their dignity by convert to the religion of equality i.e. Islam. Thats way Islam was spread very fast in some parts in India. Women dependence to her husband and was a prominent features of this period. Indian women now have lost their access to Streedhana or dowry and engaged themselves in farming and weaving. Now women cant freely participate in any religious festivals and functions with her male partner. Another social evil like child marriage adversely affected the health of the girls. Besides Muslims rulers in India had large harems which encouraged polygamy, even among the Hindus there was no limit set to the number of wives a man can take. Another social evil that existed in medieval India was female infanticide which was prevalent among the Rajputs and other higher castes and even among the Muslims. Purdah system gained popularity with the advent of the Muslims, Purdah is actually a Persian word According to Patricia Jeffrey Purdah is a part and parcel of stratification in India It becomes the mental foot binding, the frogs in a well syndrome, the submissiveness of the young bride and the inability of adult women to cope with the world outside.  [17]   Female infanticide was a negative effect of dowry system but this system became an integral part of the marriage ceremony in medieval India. It became a heavy burden to the poor peoples. The condition of Hindu widow became more miserable during Muslim period. She was forced to lead a life which was full of sorrows and was far from all worldly pleasure. The feudal society of Muslim India encouraged the practice of Sati. By the burning herself with her own husband she proves her loyalty. According to Soroj Gulati because of the continuous wars, there were chances of too many widows young and old, and a big question was how to accommodate them without bringing stigma to the family or creating problems for society.  [18]  Prostitution became a recognized institution in medieval India besides the Debdasi system in south India degraded the status of women, under this worst system women were brides of Gods but they are supposed to entertain kings, priests and even number of upper classes. According to Alberuni the kings make them an attraction for their cities, a bait of pleasure for their subjects, for no other but financial reasons.  [19]   The contribution of European to rediscovery of Indias ancient past was widely accepted by several scholars and writers of the nineteenth and twentieth century but their perception was influenced by British by two separate contradictory ways. One strand was represented by the Orientalists, whose reconstruction of the glory of Indian civilization was taken over lock, stock, and barrel by 19th century Indian writers. Another strand was the Utilitarian and Evangelical attack on contemporary Indian society on the visibly low status of women. The early Indian nationalist writers successfully constructed an image of womanhood in the lost past as a counter to the real existence of woman in the humiliating present. The woman question was not a theme that was foregrounded in the earliest work of the Asiatic society. William Jones did not pay any attention to Sati. It was Henry Thomas Colebrooke who focuses attention directly upon the women question on his first research On the Duties of the Faithful Hindu Widow  [20]  where he presented the textual position of sati. In the first quarter of the 19th century Raja Rammohun Roy declared crusade against sati, and argued that the ultimate goal of all Hindu was selfless absorption in a divine essence, a union that could not flow from an action like sati. In the 19th century Indian intelligentsia group involve in a dual encounter with colonial ideology. Awareness of the past through Orientalist scholarship was encounters by a strong negative perception of the present those missionaries, administrators; travelers were engaged in writing about this issue. The women question became a crucial tool in the colonial ideology. Colonial writers focused on the barbaric practices pertaining to women of the Hindu civilization. One of finest example and best known work in this perspective is James mills History of British India where Mill suggested that the Hindus were a high cultured people now in a state of decline. He judged the civilization was the position it accorded to its women. His conclusion was that the practice of segregating women did not come with the Mohammedans; rather, it was a consequence of the whole sprit of the Hindu society by which women must be constantly guarded at all times for fear of their intimate tendency towards infidelity. He states that Hindus compared women with a heifer on the plain that longeth for fresh grasses, referring to their uncontrollable sexuality.  [21]   The degradation of women position in Hindu civilization requiring the protection and intervention of colonial state, that the Hindus were unfit to rule themselves. On this ground British rule in India could be justified by a humanitarian and moral level. Indian intellect classes react violently to this grim picture of Hindu civilization and marshaled argument against each major criticism. The condition of women in past was a key aspect of historical writing in 1840s.One such example in this account provided by M.C Deb a converted Christian member of Young Bengal group according to him men in India look upon women as household slaves and treat them with a superciliousness that even the Sultan of Turkestan does not show towards his meanest serf.  [22]  In 1842 Peary Chand Mitra provided a well versed response to the mill approach on the position of women in Hindu civilization. He shows references from Sanskrit text Mahanirban Tantra which states that daughter should be nursed and educated with care and married to learned man.  [23]  His view about Indian women crystallized a national feminine identity which was based on high culture and nationalist writers are arguing about the high status of women in ancient India which is noticeable in Clarisse Baders monograph on ancient Indian women was published in 1867 which was directly inspired by Max Muellerian view of romanticization of ancient past. According to Baders view the Sati was an expression of womans ability to go beyond the bounds of requirement.  [24]  This view was inspired by western Orientalist womanhood identity that a women should be learned, free and highly cultured. In 1888 R.C Dutta provides a comprehensive rebuttal of Mills denigration of lower status of Hindu women. Women of the past valorized in two separate ways one of them their spiritual potential and their role as sahadharminis and a heroic resister to alien rulers who choose their death rather than dishonour.  [25]  According to Jashodhara Bagchi, the inherent tension between past and present womanhood was resolved by Bankimchandra in his last novels. In Anandamath he portrayed a women character shanti who fights shoulder to shoulder with her husband in liberating the motherland from shackles. Here shanti provided a role model of womanhood closest to a national identity during late 19th and 20th centuries, till up to Indian independence.  [26]   Another social reformer Dayaananda Saraswati believed the Vedic women lived an idyllic existence and fully participates in all areas of public life, but Muslim influence had taught Hindus to imprison their women within the house.  [27]  Dayananda was a sole rationale of a womans existence. According to him a child body is made up of elements derived from the body of mother, so mother getting weaker after each confinement. For continued needs of propagating strong and healthy children, the wife and husband should be content with each other.  [28]  Throughout the 19th century the most problematic category of women were widows for consequence of early marriage and reformers were attempting to resolve the problem, Dayananda found his solution that remarriage for both men and women was equally valid if there were no children from earlier marriage. But the best practice for both man and woman is Brahmacharya (self-control), followed by adoption but who cant control their passions t he best recourse is niyoga.  [29]   The woman question had dominated throughout most of the 19th century was something of a casualty during this period, has faced a tremendous reaction against the Age of Consent Bill because of implicit fear of conservatives of the lost control over womens sexuality. In the closing decade of the 19th century we have got a unique identity of Indian womanhood from Swami Vivekananda who characterized Hindu womanhood by her devotional and spiritual character instead of western materialist setting womanhood.  [30]  In the changed political and social environment of the late 19th century the women image which was portrayed by the nationalists was more important than the reality throughout of the 20th century, the image also came to examined by the reality through the work of Altekar, as the historical reality.

Shakespeare’s Henry V Minor Characters

Christina Priester Amy Smith Eng 205 10/15/12 The main characters in Shakespeare's Henry V are extraordinarily compelling. From the beginning of the play, most of the focus is directed to interactions between King Henry and other royalty or people of status and significance. Very little attention is focused on the minor characters, the peasants- the Hostess, the Boy, and the soldiers- Bardolf, Nym, and Pistol. Although these characters have only small parts in the play, they are essential. They take the spotlight for a moment, temporarily diverting our attention from the King and his political responsibilities.Each of them contribute necessary background information, their opinion of King Henry, and the soldier's perspective of the upcoming battle, The first act of the play is focused on the conspiracy between the leaders of the Church and King Henry making the decision to go to war with France. While all of the political information is needed for the plot, it is quite dense, and som e of it is hard to get through. There is some relief in Act II of the play, when the Hostess, the Boy, Bardolf, Nym, and Pistol are introduced.There is some humor in the exchanges between the soldiers. For example, Bardolph to Nym: â€Å"What, are Ancient Pistol and you friends yet? † Nym answers, and Bardolph to Nym: â€Å"I will bestow a breakfast to make you friends and we'll all three be sworn brothers to France. † This is clearly a sarcastic teasing remark to Nym, with the suggestion these two situations will never happen. The scene becomes grim when the Boy enters, informing them of Falstaff's illness. Falstaff is seriously ill, and in scene three of Act II, we learn that Falstaff has passed on.The soldiers grieve for their lost friend, but the Hostess has the strongest emotional reaction. She was caring for him at his bedside when he passed away. Falstaff was an integral character in the preceding play, King Henry IV. He and the other soldiers were friends of He nry before he became King. The friendship between Henry and Falstaff ended harshly. The Hostess, along with the soldiers think Falstaff's illness is in part caused by Henry's harsh treatment of Falstaff. In the passage by the Hostess, just after the Boy enters, she makes a statement â€Å"The King has killed his heart. After Nym and Pistol settle their quarrel, the Hostess tells the men to visit Falstaff, and Nym comments â€Å"The King hath run bad rumors on the knight, that's the even of it. † Although they hold the King partially to blame for Falstaff falling ill, they still seem to hold King Henry in high regard. Nym makes a statement to Pistol â€Å"The King is a good King, but it must be as it may, he passes some humors and careers. † The interpretation of this phrase is that although the King is good, he still has quirks and faults of his own.Pistol expresses his opinion of King Henry in Act IV, on the eve of battle when Henry, disguised as a volunteer soldier engages Pistol in a conversation. He tells Henry he thinks the King is a fine fellow, with a heart of gold, was raised well by his parents. He goes on to proclaim he love and loyalty to King Henry. Pistol is unaware he is speaking to the King himself. He shows contempt for the disguised King when he finds out about Henry's relation to Fluellen, the Captain that ordered the execution of Bardolph.King Henry is very adamant about the execution of Bardolph in Act III when he is caught stealing a holy relic from a French church. Henry gives his reasoning that Bardolph should be so punished â€Å"We would have all such offenders cut off. And we give express charge that, in our marches through the country, there be nothing compelled from the villages, nothing taken, but paid for, none of the French upbraided or abused in disdainful language; for when lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentler gamester is the soonest winner. This passage is basically saying he wants to make an exam ple of Bardolph as a warning to his soldiers to be respectful and not have the villages in France pillaged or the citizens terrorized, or they will have to face the consequences of their actions. He also feels that the French prisoners should face the consequences for the slaying of the Boys, and orders their throats to be cut. His anger fuels this decision because he wants justice for the boys that were slaughtered.At the end of battle, Henry carries the Boy, showing his sorrow for the loss of these young men. Overall, King Henry is seen by his soldiers as good and just, yet firm with his punishment of his subjects. Without the minor characters, our judgment of the King may be harshly skewed. They are also the only link in this play between the King and Falstaff. The minor characters enlighten our understanding of the King, give us some background information, and serve their purpose well.

Macroeconomics Tutorial Test Essay

Question 1. (i) Identify and briefly explain the main features of the business cycle. (2 marks) Business cycles are usually characterized by periods of transition from peak to trough and then from trough to peak. The peak of a business cycle is the high point of GDP prior to a downturn whereas a Trough is the low point economic activity prior to a recovery. The period in which the economy is moving from a peak to a trough is called a contraction and the period in which the economy is moving from a trough to peak is an Expansion. (ii) Explain the concepts of (a) potential output and (b) the output gap. (3 marks) Potential Output (y*) or full employment output is the level of GDP an economy can produce when using its resources, such as labour and capital, at normal rates. This is not the same as maximum output. Potential output grows over time with growth in labour and capital and with growths in technology. At any point in time, the difference between the economy’s potential output and actual output is called the output gap (y – y*). A positive output gap, which occurs when actual output is higher than potential output and when resources are being utilised at above-normal rates, is called an expansionary gap. This is related to firms operating above normal capacity and can lead them to raise prices (inflationary). On the other hand, a negative output gap, which occurs when potential output exceeds actual output and when resources are not being utilised, is called a contractionary gap. This is re lated to capital and labour not being fully utilised (cost in terms of forgone output). (iii) Explain the concept of Okun’s law. Discuss the implications of Okun law for policymakers. (5 marks) Okun’s law states that each extra percentage point of cyclical unemployment is associated with about a 1.6 percentage point (for Australia) increase in the output gap, measured in relation to potential output. The quantitative relationship is (y-y*)/y* = -B(u-u*). This describes how an additional percentage point of cyclical unemployment is associated with a B percentage point decline in the output gap. The output losses associated sustained in recessions, calculated according to Okun’s law, can be quite significant. Calculations using this relationship depict that output gaps and cyclical unemployment may have major costs. Therefore, we can conclude with the fact that the public and policymakers have concern in relation to contractions and recessions. Question 2 (i) Discuss the role played by fixed (or sticky) prices in the Keynesian model of income determination. Briefly explain what would happen if prices were fully flexible in the short run. (2 marks) New Keynesians assume prices and wages are fixed or sticky, meaning that they do not change easily or quickly with alterations in supply and demand, so that quantity adjustment prevails. When prices are sticky, higher aggregate demand raises production, and this raises incomes. If prices were fully flexible in the short run, economy’s resources would be fully employed and thereby the economy would return to the natural level of real GDP. Firms would stop producing when price is lower than production cost, so there would be less competition. (ii) Explain the concept of Planned Aggregate Expenditure (PAE). How does PAE differ from Actual Expenditure? (2 marks) Planned Aggregate Expenditure is the total planned spending on final goods and services. In equilibrium, planned expenditure and actual expenditure must equal in the economy. The difference between planned and actual expenditure is unplanned inventory investment. When firms sell fewer products than planned, stocks of inventories increase. Because of this, actual expenditure can be above or below planned expenditure. (iii) Use the Keynesian aggregate expenditure model and appropriate diagrams to explain the following: – The paradox of thrift – The effect on equilibrium GDP of an exogenous increase in exports. (6 marks) Question 3 (i) Explain what is meant by the multiplier? Why, in general, does a one dollar change in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output? (3 marks) The income-expenditure multiplier, or the multiplier for short, is the effect of a one-unit increase in exogenous expenditure on short-run equilibrium output. For example, a multiplier of 3 means that a 6-unit decrease in exogenous expenditure reduces short-run equilibrium output by 18 units. Therefore, a one dollar change in exogenous expenditure produce a larger change in short-run output as initial amount of expenditure leads to raised consumption spending resulting in an increase in national income greater than the initial amount of spending. (ii) Explain the role played by the marginal propensity to import in determining the size of the multiplier. Other things equal, how does an increase in the marginal propensity to import affect the size of the multiplier? (3 marks) The marginal propensity to import is the change in imports divided by the change in disposable income. It decides the slope of the aggregate expenditures line and is part to the multiplier process. Similar to taxes, the marginal propensity to import tends to lower the size of the multiplier as demand for domestically produced final goods and services falls. An increase in the marginal propensity to import increases the value of the denominator of the equation, which then decreases the overall value of the fraction and thus the size of the multiplier. (iii) Use a diagram to illustrate the concept of short-run equilibrium in the Keynesian aggregate expenditure model. Suppose the economy is initially not in equilibrium, explain the process by which the economy adjusts to equilibrium. (4 marks) Question 4 (i) What are the main instruments of fiscal policy? Explain how each might be used to close an expansionary output gap. (4 marks) Main components of Fiscal Policy: – Government expenditure: Government spending of goods and services, investment and infrastructure directly affects total spending. If too much or too little total spending causes output gaps, the government can help to guide the economy toward full employment by changing its own level of spending. – Taxes or transfer payments: In contrast, changes in tax or transfers do not affect planned spending directly. When disposable income rises households should spend more. Thus tax cut or increase in transfers should increase planned aggregate expenditure. Similarly, an increase in taxes or a cut in transfers, by lowering households’ disposable income, will tend to lower planned spending. This stimulates spending and eliminates contractionary gap. (ii) Explain what is meant by the government budget constraint. Indicate how it provides a link between fiscal policy and public debt. (3 marks) Government budget constraint is the term given to the concept that government spending in any period had to be financial either by raising taxes or by government borrowing.We can denote government expenditure undertaken by the government in period t by Gt and transfer payments by Qt. Therefore, the total spending activities of the government can be noted as Gt+ Qt. Also, the government has three means at its disposal to finance this expenditure: 1. Taxes available to be spent by government it time t – denoted by Tt. 2. Issued security when government borrows money – This is a financial asset that obliges the government to repay the loan, and pay interest, over some designated time period. Bt-2 is the stock of securities that the government still has owing at the end of the last period. Any new borrowing that the government unde rtakes in period t will be denoted as Bt – Bt-1. The stockpile of debt that accumulates when government continues borrowing money is called the public debt. 3. Interest needed to pay on government’s stock of debt – in any time t the government pays interest of rBt-1 where r is the real rate of interest. Government expenditures (purchases, transfer payments and interest payments) in any period need to be funded by taxes or by borrowing. This is the Government budget constraint summarized as below: Gt+ Qt + rBt-1 = Tt + (Bt – Bt-1). If we rearrange this so that gross taxes are on the left-hand side, the link between fiscal policy and the stock of public debt becomes readily apparent: Gt+ Qt – Tt + rBt-1 = (Bt – Bt-1). (iii) Explain the difference between discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilisers. Which one of these will be the main influence on the size of the structural budget deficit? Explain. (3 marks) Discretionary fiscal policy refers to deliberate changes in the level of government spending, transfer payments or in tax rates. Automatic stabilizers refer to the tendency for a system of taxes and transfers, which are related to the level of income to automatically reduce the size of GDP fluctuations.